Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5 Introduction to Differential Analysis of Fluid Motion

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Main Topics
Conservation of Mass Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics) Momentum Equation

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Introduction
In Chapter 4, integral equations for finite control volumes are derived, which reflect the overall balance over the entire control volume under consideration -- A top down approach. However, only information related to the gross behavior of a flow field is available. Detailed point-by-point knowledge of the flow field is unknown. Additionally, velocity and pressure distributions are often assumed to be known or uniform in Chapter 4. However, for a complete analysis, detailed distributions of velocity and pressure fields are required. A bottom-up approach is needed.

Conservation of Mass
Basic Law for a System

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Conservation of Mass
Rectangular Coordinate System
(dydz)(u ) x dx / 2 dydz( u ) x ( u ) dx ( )dydz x 2 ( u ) dx ( )dydz x 2

(dydz)(u ) x dx / 2 dydz( u ) x

The net mass flow rate out of the CV in x direction is:

(dydz)( u ) x dx / 2 (dydz)( u ) x dx / 2 u dxdydz x

Differential control volume herein vs. finite control volume in Chapter 4. The differential approach has the ability to attain field solutions.
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Conservation of Mass
Rectangular Coordinate System

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Conservation of Mass
Rectangular Coordinate System

Continuity Equation

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Conservation of Mass
Rectangular Coordinate System

Del Operator

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Conservation of Mass
Rectangular Coordinate System
Incompressible Fluid:

Steady Flow:

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Conservation of Mass
Cylindrical Coordinate System

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Conservation of Mass
Cylindrical Coordinate System

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Conservation of Mass
Cylindrical Coordinate System

Del Operator

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Conservation of Mass
Cylindrical Coordinate System
Incompressible Fluid:

Steady Flow:

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Motion of a fluid element

Motion of a fluid element

Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics)

Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field

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Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics)

Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field

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Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics)

Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field

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Motion of a fluid element

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Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics)

Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field (Cylindrical)

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Momentum Equations (Navier-Stokes Equations)

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Momentum Equation
Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle

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Momentum Equations

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Momentum Equations

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Momentum Equations

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Navier-Stokes Equations

where p is the local thermodynamic pressure, which is related to the density and temperature by the thermodynamic relation usually called the equation of state. Notice that when velocity is zero, all the shear stresses are zero and all the normal stresses reduce to pressure under hydrostatic condition.

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Navier-Stokes Equations

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Momentum Equation
Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle

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Momentum Equation
Differential Momentum Equation

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Momentum Equation
Newtonian Fluid: NavierStokes Equations

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Momentum Equation
Special Case: Eulers Equation

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