OHI-S (Simplified)

The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) differs from the original OHI (The Oral Hygiene Index) in the number of the tooth surfaces scored (6) The OHI-S, like the OHI, has two components, the Debris Index and the Calculus Index. Each of these indexes, is based on numerical determinations representing the amount of debris or calculus found on the preselected tooth surfaces.

SELECTION OF TOOTH SURFACES

The six surfaces

examined for the OHI-S are selected from four posterior and two anterior teeth.

 After the scores for debris and calculus are recorded, the

Index values are calculated. For each individual, the debris scores are totaled and divided by the number of surfaces scored. At least two of the six possible surfaces must have been examined for an individual score to be calculated. After score for a group of individual is obtained by computing the average of the individual scores. The average individual or group score is known as the Simplified Debris Index (DI-S). The same methods are used to obtain the calculus scores or the Simplified Calculus Index (CI-S). The average individual or group debris and calculus scores are combined to obtain the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index.

CALCULATION EXAMPLE:

CALCULATION EXAMPLE:

CALCULATION EXAMPLE:

-Caries Prevalence: DMFT and DMFS DMFT and DMFS describe the amount - the prevalence - of dental caries in an individual. DMFT and DMFS are means to numerically express the caries prevalence and are obtained by calculating the number of
Decayed (D) Missing (M) Filled (F) teeth (T) or surfaces (S).

 It is thus used to get an estimation illustrating how much the dentition until the day of examination has become affected by dental caries. It is either calculated for 28 (permanent) teeth, excluding 18, 28, 38 and 48 (the "wisdom" teeth) or for 32 teeth (The Third edition of "Oral Health Surveys - Basic methods", Geneva 1987, recommends 32 teeth). Thus:
How many teeth have caries lesions? How many teeth have been extracted? How many teeth have fillings or crowns?

 The sum of the three figures forms the DMFT-value.

For example: DMFT of 4-3-9=16 means that 4 teeth are decayed, 3 teeth are missing and 9 teeth have fillings. It also means that 12 teeth are intact.
Note: If a tooth has both a caries lesion and a filling it

is calculated as D only. A DMFT of 28 (or 32, if "wisdom" teeth included) is maximum, meaning that all teeth are affected.

 A more detailed index is DMF calculated per tooth

surface, DMFS. Molars and premolars are considered having 5 surfaces, front teeth 4 surfaces. Again, a surface with both caries and filling is scored as D. Maximum value for DMFS comes to 128 for 28 teeth. For the primary dention, consisting of maximum 20 teeth, the corresponding designations are "deft" or "defs", where "e" indicates "extracted tooth".

DMF index

D the mean number of decayed teeth with untreated carious lesions M the mean number of teeth which have been extracted and are therefore missing F the mean number of filled teeth DMF(T) to denote decayed,missing, and filled teeth DMF(S) to denote decayed,missing, and filled surfaces in permanent teeth dmf(t) dmf(s) similar indices for the primary dentition

Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN)

Indicators. Three indicators of periodontal status are

used for this assessment:

presence or absence of gingival bleeding

supra- or subgingival calculus

periodontal pockets-subdivided into shallow (4-5mrn)

and deep (6mm or more).

 A specially designed lightweight probe with a 0.5-mm

ball tip is used, bearing a black band between 3.5 and 5.5 mm from the ball tip. A list of manufacturers of this probe can be obtained from Oral Health, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.

Sextants.
The mouth is divided into sextants defined by teeth

numbers 18-14, 13-23 24-28, 38-34, 33-43, and 44-48. A sextant should be examined only if there are two or more teeth present and not indicated for extration. When only one tooth remains in a sextant, it should be included in the adjacent sextant.

Index teeth.
For adults aged 20 years and over, the teeth to be examined

are:

Teeth to be examined 17 16 11 26 27

47 46 31 36 37

The two molars in each posterior sextant are paired for recording, and if one is missing, there is no replacement. If no index teeth or tooth is present in a sextant qualifying for examination, all the remaining teeth in that sextant are examined.

 For young people up to the age of 19 years, only six teeth - 16,11, 26, 36, 31 and 46 - are examined. This modification is made in order to to avoid classifying the deepened crevices associated with eruption as periodontal pockets. For the same reason, when examining children under the age of 15, recording for pockets should not be attempted, i.e., only bleeding and calculus should be considered. If no index tooth is present in a sextant qualifying for examination, single fully erupted incisors or premolars may be substituted

Sensing gingival pockets

An index tooth should be probed, using the probe as a "sensing" instrument to determine pocket depth and to detect subgingival calculus and bleeding response. The sensing force used should be no more than 20 grams. A practical test for establishing this force is to place the probe point under the thumb nail and press until blanching occurs. For sensing subgingival calculus, the lightest possible force that will allow movement of the probe ballpoint along the tooth surface should be used.

 When inserting the probe, the ballpoint should follow the anatomical configuration of the surface

of the tooth root. If the patient feels pain during probing, this is an indicative of the use of too much force.
The probe tip should be inserted gently into the gingival pocket and the depth of insertion read against the colour coding. The total extent of the pocket should be explored: At least 6 points on each tooth should be examined: mesio-buccal, mid-buccal, disto-buccal, and the corresponding lingual sites.

Examination and recording

The incisor and either the first molars (up to 19 years) or the pairs of

first and second molars (above 19 years) should be sensed and the highest score recorded in the appropriate box. Codes in descending order of severity are:

4: pocket > 6 mm (black area of probe not visible)

3: pocket 4 or 5 mm (gingival margin situated on black area of probe) 2: calculus felt during probing but all the black area of the visible l: bleeding observed, directly or by using mouth mirror, after sensing 0: healthy

 When non-index teeth are examined, the highest score

found in the sextant is recorded in the appropriate box. If there are not at least two teeth remaining and not indicated for extraction in a sextant, the appropriate box should be cancelled by a cross ( x ).