Nichol P.

Begosa Wemt, Acls, Phtls

Senior Medic- Ambucare E.M.S. Solutions

Senior Oic- Dapitan Fire Rescue Volunteers

Wemt= Wilderness Emergency Medical Technician
Acls= Advanced Cardiac Life Support Provider
Phtls= Pre- Hospital Trauma Life Support Provider

Joel de Gula Wemt, Acls, Phtls

Senior Medic- Ambucare E.M.S. Solutions

Oic- Dapitan Fire Rescue Volunteers

Wemt= Wilderness Emergency Medical Technician
Acls= Advanced Cardiac Life Support Provider
Phtls= Pre- Hospital Trauma Life Support Provider

Introduction to
1
st
Aid

What Is First Aid?
First = immediate
Aid = care
Deals with injuries or sudden illness
DOES NOT replace the need for medical
care.

1
st
aider or Rescuer
Reactions
Witnessing an injury and seeing the
victims response can be unnerving.
Rescuers need to remain calm in all
situations.
Discussing your feelings after an event is
helpful.
Star of Life
Recognize the Emergency
The bystander is
a vital link
between EMS
and the victim.
Decide to Help
Size up the Scene
Are there any hazards?
What is the mechanism of injury
or nature of victims illness?
How many victims are there?

Call EMS 117
Dispatcher will ask for
Your name and phone number
Victims location
What happened?
Number of victims and any special
conditions
Victims condition
Do not hang up unless the dispatcher tells
you to.
May advise you how to provide care

Provide Care
Often, critical life
support is effective
only if started
immediately.
Usually started by a
bystander
Protection
Whenever possible, use medical exam gloves
as a barrier.

Disease Transmission (1 of 2)
Rescuers should understand the risk.
Precautions can help protect against
bloodborne and airborne diseases.
Bloodborne: Hepatitis and HIV/AIDS
Airborne: Tuberculosis

Disease Transmission (2 of 2)
Protection
Hepatitis B vaccine
Universal precautions and body substance
isolation (BSI)
Personal protective equipment (PPE):
medical exam gloves, protective
eyewear, mask, and mouth-to-barrier
devices
Dressings and Bandages
Dressings Bandages
Dressings
Functions
Control bleeding.
Prevent infection.
Absorb blood.
Protect the
wound.
Types
Gauze pads
Adhesive strips
Trauma dressings
Improvised
dressings

Bandages
Functions
Hold dressing in
place.
Apply pressure to
control bleeding.
Prevent or reduce
swelling.
Support and
stabilize an
extremity or joint.
Types
Roller
Self-adhering,
conforming
bandages
Gauze rollers
Elastic roller
bandages
Triangular
Adhesive tape
QUESTION?
Bleeding and wound

Wounds
External Bleeding (1 of 2)
Three types
Capillary (oozing)
Venous (flowing)
Arterial (spurting)

External Bleeding (2 of 2)
Open Wounds
Abrasion
Laceration
Puncture
Avulsion
Amputation

Method of control bleeding
Direct Pressure
Elevation
Pressure Point
Tourniquet

*Precaution of using Tourniquet:
Dont cover the tourniquet
Make a note of the tourniquets location and the time it was
applied.
Get the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible.
Dont remove the tourniquet once tied up except by or on the
advice of a doctor, because it may cause severe shock of death
due to blood loss of blood.

External bleeding

Care for External Bleeding
(2 of 2)
DO NOT remove
blood-soaked
dressings.
Apply a pressure
bandage.
Apply pressure at a
pressure point if
needed.


Internal Bleeding
Skin is not broken and blood is not seen.
Recognizing internal bleeding
Bruising
Painful, tender, rigid, bruised abdomen
Vomiting or coughing up blood
Black or bright red stool
Care for Internal Bleeding
Call117, 2422345, 16016.
Care for shock.
If vomiting occurs, roll victim on
his or her side.
Wound Care
Wash with soap and water.
Flush with water.
Remove small objects.
Apply direct pressure.
Apply antibiotic ointment.
Cover wound.
Seek medical care.
Wound Infection


Signs of Infection
Swelling
Reddening
Warmth
Throbbing
Pus discharge
Seek medical care for infected wounds.
Tetanus booster shot every 5 to10 years
Special Wounds
Amputations
Embedded (impaled) objects
Care For Amputations
Control bleeding.
Treat for shock.
Recover amputated
part.
Wrap part in gauze,
place in a bag, and
keep bag cool.
Transport the part
with the victim.
Care For Embedded
(Impaled) Objects
Expose area.
DO NOT remove
the object.
Control bleeding
around the object.
Stabilize the object.

Wounds That Require
Medical Attention
Arterial bleeding
Uncontrolled
bleeding
Deep wounds
Large or deeply
embedded objects
Foreign matter in
wound
Human or animal
bite

Possibility of
noticeable scar
Cut eyelid
Slit lip
Internal bleeding
Uncertain how to
treat
Need a tetanus shot
QUESTION?
Bone and
Muscle Injuries

Bone Injuries
A. Closed (simple) fracture
B. Open (compound)
fracture

Recognizing Bone Injuries
DOTS
Deformity
Open wounds
Tenderness
Swelling

Care for Bone Injuries
Examine area using DOTS.
Stabilize injured part to prevent movement.
Cover wound and exposed bones without
applying pressure.
Apply ice pack to prevent swelling.
Seek medical care.
Splinting
Reduces pain
Prevents further damage to muscles,
nerves, and blood vessels
Prevents closed fracture from
becoming open fracture
Reduces bleeding and swelling
Types of Splints
Rigid splint



Self-splint (anatomic
splint)


Soft splint
Splinting Guidelines
Cover open wounds with dry dressing before
applying splint.
Splint only if it wont cause further pain.
Splint in position found.
Use splint that will extend beyond joints above
and below injury.
Apply firmly, but do not affect circulation.
Elevate extremity after splinting.
Apply ice pack.
Joint Injuries
Sprain
Dislocation
Recognizing Joint Injuries
Pain, swelling, inability to use
Similar to fractures
Main sign of dislocation is deformity.

Care for Joint Injuries
For dislocations, splint and provide care as
you would for fracture.
For sprains, use RICE procedure.
Seek medical care.

RICE Procedure
R = Rest
I = Ice
C = Compression
E = Elevation
Muscle Injuries
Muscle strain (pull)
Muscle contusion (bruise)
Muscle cramp
Recognizing Muscle Injuries
Muscle strain (pull)
Sharp pain, tenderness, indentation or
bump, weakness or loss of function,
stiffness and pain with movement
Muscle contusion
Pain and tenderness, swelling, bruise
Muscle cramp
Uncontrolled spasms, pain, restriction or
loss of movement
Care for Muscle Injuries
For strains and contusions
Rest.
Apply ice.
For cramps
Stretch muscle.
Apply gentle pressure.
QUESTION?
Burns

Types of Burns
Thermal (heat) burns
Chemical burns
Electrical burns
Thermal Burns
Depth (degree)
First-degree (superficial)
Second-degree (partial thickness)
Third-degree (full thickness)
Extent (Rule of palm)
Parts of body burned
Other injuries or medical conditions
Whether patient is elderly or very young
First-Degree Burns
(Superficial)
Redness
Mild swelling
Tenderness
Pain
Second-Degree Burns
(Partial Thickness)
Blisters
Swelling
Weeping fluids
Intense pain
Third-Degree Burns
(Full Thickness)
Dead nerve
endings
Leathery, waxy
skin
Pearly gray or
charred skin
Care for Thermal Burns
Stop the burning process.
Open airway and check breathing.
Seek medical attention if:
Victim is younger than 5, older than 55
Victim has difficulty breathing
There are other injuries or electrical injury
Face, feet, hands, or genitals are burned
Child abuse is suspected
Second-degree burn is larger than 20% BSA
Burn is third degree
First-Degree Burns
Cool burn.
Cover the burned area with a dry,
nonstick, sterile dressing.
Seek immediate medical attention.
Small Second-Degree Burns
Large Second-Degree
and Third-Degree Burns
Monitor breathing.
Cover burn with dry, nonstick, sterile
dressing.
Care for shock.
Seek medical care.
Chemical Burns
Results from caustic or corrosive
substance
Acids, alkalis, and organic compounds
Continue to burn as long as they are in
contact with the skin; remove quickly
Care for Chemical Burns
Flush skin.
Remove
contaminated
clothing.
Cover burn.
Seek medical care.
Electrical Burns
Thermal burn
(flame)
Arc burn (flash)
True electrical
injury (contact)
Care for Electrical Burns
Make the scene safe.
Open airway and check breathing.
Check for spinal injuries.
Cover burns.
Care for shock.
Call 117.

Contact With
Electrical Current
Downed power lines
Turn off power before approaching
patient.
Must have training and appropriate
tools
Faulty electrical equipment or careless
use of electrical appliances
Turn off electricity at the circuit breaker,
fuse box, or outside switch box.
Unplug appliance if plug is undamaged.
Do not touch the patient until current is
off.
QUESTION?
Chest, Abdominal
and
Pelvic Injuries

Chest Injuries
Rib fractures
Embedded (impaled) objects
Sucking chest wound
Rib Fractures
Recognizing Rib Fractures
Flail chest
Sharp pain, especially when victim
breaths, coughs, or moves
Shallow breathing
Victim holds injured area
Care for Rib Fractures
Help victim find a
comfortable position
for breathing.
Support the injured
area.
Seek medical care.

Embedded (Impaled)
Objects
Recognizing an
Embedded
(Impaled) Object
Object stuck in
chest
Care for Embedded (Impaled)
Objects
Stabilize the object.
Do not remove object.
Seek medical care.

Sucking Chest Wound
Recognizing a Sucking Chest Wound
Blood bubbling out of chest wound
Sound of air being sucked in and out of
chest wound
Care for a Sucking
Chest Wound
Seal open wound
with plastic wrap.
Tape on three sides.
If victim has difficulty
breathing, remove
cover to let air
escape, and
reapply.
Lay victim on injured
side.
Call 117.
Abdominal Injuries
Closed Abdominal Injuries
Direct blow
Open Abdominal Injuries
Penetrating wounds
Embedded objects
Protruding organs
Closed Abdominal Injuries
Recognizing a Closed Abdominal Injury
Bruises or other marks
Pain, tenderness, muscle tightness, or
rigidity
Care
Place the victim in comfortable position.
Care for shock.
Seek medical care.

Protruding Organs
Recognizing a
Protruding Organ
Internal organs
escape from wound
Care
Position of comfort
Cover with a moist,
sterile dressing.
Care for shock.
Call 117.

Pelvic Injuries
Recognizing Pelvic Fractures
Pain in hip, groin, or back that increases
with movement
Inability to walk or stand
Signs of shock
Care
Keep victim still.
Care for shock.
Call 117.
Pelvic fracture
QUESTION?
Lifting and Moving

Water Rescue
Reach-throw-row-go
Reach for victim.
Throw anything that floats.
Row by using canoe or other boat.
Go by swimming (must be trained).
Entering water is a last resort.
Electrical Emergency
Rescue
Indoor Electrocutions
Faulty electrical equipment or careless use
of electrical appliances
Turn off power at circuit breaker, fuse box,
or outside switch box before touching the
victim.
High-Voltage Power Lines
Power must be turned off.
Wait for trained personnel with proper
equipment.
Hazardous Materials
Incidents
Signs of Hazardous Materials
Signs on vehicle
Spilled liquids or solids
Strong, unusual odors
Clouds of vapor
Stay away and upwind.
Wait for trained personnel to arrive.
Motor Vehicle Crashes
Park in a safe area and call 117.
Turn on emergency hazard flashers.
Make sure scene is safe.
Turn off ignitions of involved vehicles.
Place flares or reflectors.
If you suspect spinal injuries, stabilize head
and neck.
Check and care for life-threatening injuries
first.
Fires
Get all people out of the area quickly.
Use a fire extinguisher if the fire is small.
Call 117 ,242-2345 or 16016
Confined Space (1 of 2)
Any area not intended for human
occupancy
Dangerous atmosphere (low
oxygen levels)
Requires special training and
equipment to perform rescue
Confined Space (2 of 2)
For Confined Space Emergencies
Call 117.
Check motionless victims first. Only enter
if you have proper training and equipment.
Once victim is removed, provide care.

Triage
Classify into care and transportation
priorities
Triage categories
Immediate care
Delayed care
Walking wounded
Dead
Moving Victims
Only move victim if there is immediate
danger.
Fire
Hazardous materials
Impossible to protect from hazards
Impossible to access other victims who need
lifesaving care
Protect victims spine.
Drag in direction of the long axis of the body

Emergency Moves (1 of 3)
Drags
Shoulder drag
Ankle drag
Blanket pull


Emergency Moves (2 of 3)
One-person moves
Human crutch
Cradle carry
Fire fighters carry
Pack-strap carry
Piggyback carry

Emergency Moves (3 of 3)
Two-person or three-person moves
Two-person assist
Two-handed seat carry
Four-handed seat carry
Extremity carry
Chair carry
Hammock carry

Nonemergency Moves
All injured parts should be stabilized
before and during moving.
QUESTION?