What is airport?

An airport is a location
where aircraft such as fixed-wing
aircraft, helicopters, and blimps take off and
land. Aircraft may be stored or maintained at an
airport.
Airport @ glance
Aircraft Blimps






Helicopter

Why do we need airport? Or what is
importance of airport?
Economic:
Increased speed of trade (due to faster means of transportation). Possible
increase in amount of imports & exports (due to faster means of
transportation, e.g. maybe some perishable goods could not be imported
before).
Passenger transportation
Commencement of tourism industry
Increase in local employment opportunities

Social:
Bring in foreign culture
Promote local culture to visitors
Faster & possibly more communication with the West
More information inflow & outflow
Increase in peoples mobility (i.e. people can find jobs out of
country)
Education opportunities outside of country.
Political:
From Political view also.
Military:
Establish army base.
Establish flying school.
Airport can be divided into two parts

1) Airside: Airside areas include all areas
accessible to aircraft, including
runways, taxiways and ramps.

2) Landside: Landside areas include parking
lots, public transportation train stations and
access roads.
Airside Landside Distinction
Components of the airport

Runway
Taxiway
Windsock
Weigh bridge
Ramp
Aircraft stands
Apron
Fire station
Terminal building
Gates


Runways
Primary Runway(s) the runway that is oriented
into the prevailing winds
Crosswind Runways(s) the runway that is
oriented toward the most common crosswind
direction.
Runway
Runways

Single Runway
Parallel Runways
Open V Runways
Intersecting Runways

Main runway should be oriented as closely as
possible to the direction of the prevailing winds.
Runways should be oriented so aircraft may be
landed atleast 95% of the time with a crosswind
component not exceeding 13 knots.
Runways are defined/identified by their orientation
with respect to magnetic north (e.g. 270 degree runway
is Runway 27)
When the same runway is used from opposite
directions the runway is identified by both orientations
(e.g. Runway 09/27)
Runway length and width are determined by the
type of aircraft using the airport and their
requirements.
Runways are typically constructed from gravel,
snow, ice, grass, asphalt or concrete. Most commercial
runways are asphalt or concrete.
Runway Classifications

1. Non-Instrument Visual Approach procedures
only
2. Non-Precision instrument approach with
only horizontal guidance straight-in non
precision instrument approaches only.
3. Precision Instrument approach utilizing
Instrument Landing System (ILS), Microwave
Landing System (MLS) or GPS.
Runway Markings
Runway Threshold Stripes
Lighting
On runways, green lights indicate the beginning
of the runway for landing, while red lights
indicate the end of the runway.
Along taxiways, blue lights indicate the taxiway's
edge, and some airports have embedded green
lights that indicate the centerline.

Runway Lighting
Taxiways

I. Parallel Taxiways
II. Entrance Taxiways
III. Bypass Taxiways
IV. Exit Taxiways

All taxiways should have centerline markings and
runway holding position markings whenever they
intersect a runway
Taxiway lighting is provided at many airports to
facilitate the movement of aircraft at night or in
poor visibility conditions.
Taxiway edge lights are used to outline the edges of
the taxiway and emit light blue light.
Taxiway centerline lights emit a green light
Taxiway
Direction sign
at taxiway
WindSock
A tough, brightly colored canvas sock
measuring approximately 2m long and
suspended off a pole 5m into the air.
Important for the pilot to check speed and
gusting of the wind prior to takeoff.
Weigh Bridge
A weighbridge is used to weigh aircraft before takeoff if
load sheet values are unsatisfactory, as well as to check
below maximum permissible takeoff weight.
A weighbridge must therefore be stationed adjacent or en-
route to the start of a runway, prior to takeoff.
Ramp
Ramp is an area where pre-flight activities
were done

Ramp
Aircraft Stands
It is a place where the aircraft are parked when there is time for
the flight to depart.
Apron
The airport apron is the area of
an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded,
re-fueled, or boarded.

The use of the apron may be controlled by the apron
management service (apron control or apron advisory)
to provide coordination between the users.
Apron
Fire Station
The fire station is a legally required aircraft component
that must be within easy access of any constantly used
section of the airfield, in particular the runways and
adjacent to the passenger terminal building.
Terminal Building

An airport terminal is a building at an airport where
passengers transfer between ground transportation
and the facilities that allow them to board and
disembark from aircraft.
Within the terminal, passengers purchase tickets,
transfer their luggage, and go through security. The
buildings that provide access to the airplanes (via
gates) are typically called concourses. However, the
terms "terminal" and "concourse" are sometimes
used interchangeably, depending on the
configuration of the airport.
1. Passenger sitting 2.gates 3.security check 4.lugguage check 5.bording pass counter
Basic layout plan of
terminal building
Terminal building
at glance
Gates
A gate in aviation is a long, movable, "bridge"
that allows passengers to embark and disembark
their aircraft.

The gates may be in form of jetways or mobile
safety steps.
Mobile safety steps
Jetway Bridges
Geometric Standard for
Design of Airports
Length of Runway
Width
30m to 45m
Transverse Gradient
Runway Clearance
Runway Intersection
Sight Distance
Any two points should be mutually visible for a distance equal to
half the length of the runway.
Orientation
During take off the cross wind components should not exceed
25kmph,95% of the time.




Role of ATC


Provide for the safe and efficient operations of aircraft.

Concept of Positive Control: For aircraft flying at higher
altitudes in poor visibility weather conditions, and around
high traffic areas at low altitudes near the busiest airports.
Under positive control, the air traffic controller determines
the appropriate altitude, direction and speed at which the
aircraft should travel.
If a pilot wishes to deviate from course, altitude, or
speed ,permission must be granted by ATC before any
deviations can be made.
Aircraft Flight Rules




1. Visual Flight Rules: Under weather conditions where
the visibility is sufficient to see and avoid other aircraft,
and the pilot can keep sufficiently clear of clouds, the
pilot may operate under visual flight
rules (VFR). Under VFR rules the pilot may or may not
fly under ATC positive control.
2. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR): When visibility is
insufficient or a pilots route takes the aircraft through
clouds, the aircraft must fly under IFR.
Air Traffic Control & Airports


1. Partners with the Airport in providing safe operating
conditions for aircraft and passengers
2. Control the airport operating services and the airspace
within a 5 to 10 km radius of the airport
3. Coordinate in conjunction with airport operations staff the
maintenance of the airport surfaces and equipment
(snow removal, ice control, airport lighting, etc)
4. Integral part in the execution of the airport emergency
plans (aircraft crash, bomb threat, hi-jacking, etc.)
Advantages
Its save traveling time:-On account of high
speed, it is the quickest mode of transportation.
Comfortable travel
Accessibility:-Inaccessible regions can be
reached.
Continuation of Journey:-Obstacles en-route
over any terrain are negotiated in spite of high
peaks and water strength area.



Limitation
Weather Condition:-Unconditional weather limit the
flight.
Capacity:-Limit over luggage carrying capacity as well as
accommodating number of people.
Operating Expensive:-
1. High cost of air vehicle
2. Traffic Control System
3. Limited seating capacity
4. Limited luggage capacity




Growth of Indian Aviation
Industry
The 9th largest aviation market in the world is India.
Taking the help of the statistics from the Ministry of
Civil Aviation, approximately 29.8 million passengers
traveled to/from India in 2008, showing a surge of 30%
from 2007.
The prediction stated that international passengers will
touch 50 million by 2015. More opportunities in the
aviation industry in India are likely to make way for
about 69 foreign airlines from 49 countries.


Questions
1. Define Airport. Also, discuss the need of Airways.
2. Draw diagram and explain the distinct between airside and
landside activities at Airport.
3. Draw the neat sketch of Airport layout and enlist the different
components of airport.
4. Draw the neat sketch of Airport terminal building and enlist the
different components of the same.
5. Explain the functions of following;
Ramp
Apron
Aircraft stand
Weigh bridge





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