Diamagnetic & Paramagnetic

History
Magnetic needle, was used in China as early as the 13th century B.C
The early Greeks about 800 B.C, discovered the stone magnetite (Fe3O4)
In 1269 a Frenchman showed that every magnet has two poles
In 1600s William Gilbert show that a compass needle orients to permanent
magnet of the earth
In 1750s show that magnetic poles exert attractive or repulsive forces on
each other
in 1819s Hans Christian Oersted and Andr Ampre discovered the
relationship between magnetism and electricity
In 1820s Faraday and Joseph Henry further connections between electricity
and magnetism
Classification of Magnetic Materials
Diamagnetism
Paramagnetism
Ferromagnetism
Ferrimagnetism
Antiferromagnetism
in vacuum
magnetic field magnetic induction
In matter
( ) ( ) H H M H B
m
_ = + = + = 1
0 0
0

=
r
magnetization
magnetic susceptibility
H B
0
=
Macroscopic description of magnetism
H M _ =

V
N
M =
Relative permeability
in vacuum
In matter
Macroscopic description of magnetism
William D. Callister, Jr.Fundamentals Of Materials Science And
Engineering
H B =
The dependence of B
on the external field H
for a material
The magnetic moment
opposes the field in
diamagnetic materials
Progressively stronger
moments are present in
paramagnetic
Macroscopic description of magnetism
Diamagnetic Materials
Cause of Orbital motion of electrons
Magnetised opposite to that of applied magnetic field
The value of magnetic induction B < H
Magnetic susceptibility _
m
< 0 and
r
< 1
Magnetic susceptibility does not depend on
temperature (except H at low temperature)
Diamagnetic Materials
_
T
Diamagnetic Materials
nearly all organic substances.
superconductors below the critical temperature.
These materials are ideal diamagnets,
(MeissnerOchsenfeld effect)
intan , Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Bi, Sb, NaCl, H
2
O air
A few examples of diamagnetic materials are ;
1 =
dia
_
Paramagnetic Materials
Cause of Spin motion of electrons
Magnetised in the direction of applied magnetic field
The value of magnetic induction B > H
Magnetic susceptibility _
m
> 0 and
r
> 1
Magnetic susceptibility inversely proportional to
temperature 1/T or = C/T (Curie law)
Paramagnetic Materials
T
_
T
u
Curie Law
T>T, paramagnetic

T=T,

T<T, ferromagnetic
0 > _
> _
C
T T
u
_ =

Paramagnetic Materials
Al, Mn, Pt, Na, CuCl
2
, O
2,
kaca
A few examples of paramagnetic materials are ;
Diamagnetic & Paramagnetic
Applications of Magnetic Materials
Data Storage Materials
Permanent Magnets
Power - The strength of a permanent magnet as expressed by
the maximum product of the inductance and magnetic field.
Referensi
Donald R. Askeland Pradeep P. Phul. The Science and Engineering of
Materials, 4
th
ed, chap,19
Halliday-Resnick-Walker. Fundamentals of Physics. Chap;29
William D. Callister, Jr. Fundamentals of Materials Science and
Engineering, Ed,7
http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/4188/9/Chapter_6.doc.pdf
http://www.transtutors.com/physics-homework-help/magnetism/magnetic-
materials.aspx