INSTRUMENTATION

AND MEASUREMENT
M.PRASAD NAIDU
Msc Medical Biochemistry,
Ph.D Research scholar.

Abstract
Why Instrumentation and Measurement ?
Instrumentation Techniques
Resources
Data Analysis
Case Study: Paradyn
Guiding Principles
System Overview
W
3
Search Model



Why Instrumentation and Measurement ?

Gathering data to improve the next execution
of the program.
Guiding scheduling decisions
Adapting to computations while in execution

Instrumentation Techniques

Program Instrumentation Techniques
Manual : Programmer inserted directives
Automatic : No direct user involvement
Binary Rewriting
Dynamic Instrumentation
Processor Instrumentation Techniques
Information includes timers, memory system
performance, processor usage, etc.
Available mostly through special registers or memory
mapped location.
Example : Pentium Pro provides performance data through
MSRs. These registers include 64 bit cycle clock and counts of
memory read /write, L1 cache misses, pipeline flushes, etc.
Hardware assisted trace generation.


Operating System Instrumentation Techniques
Information includes behavior of virtual memory, file
system, file cache etc.
Instrumentation in the form of APIs for applications to
access these variables.
Network Instrumentation Techniques
Ways of measuring
Passive
Example: RMON protocol defines SNMP MIB variables to report
traffic statistics over hubs and switches.
Active
Example: Ping, NWS in grid style computing.

Data Storage Representation
Scalars
Counters
Times
Traces
Vector series
Resources
Software Abstractions
Program Components
Code in Executions
Synchronization Objects
Other Software Abstractions
Hardware Abstractions
Network Abstractions


Data Analysis
Quantitative Performance
Automating Performance Diagnosis
Perturbation Analysis
Harrison institute of
biotechnology
Case Study
Guiding Principles and
Characteristics
Scalability
Automate the search for performance problems
Provide well-defined data abstractions
Support heterogeneous environments
Support high level parallel languages
Open interfaces for visualization and new data
sources
Streamlined use
System Overview
Basic Abstractions
Metric-focus grid
Time Histograms
Components of the System
Main Paradyn Process
Performance Consultant
Visualization Manager
Data Manager
User Interface Manager
Paradyn daemons
External Visualization Processes.


Histogram Visualization Table Visualization
Tabular Summary
CPU 3.0 4.0
Messages 117 81
Metric Manager

Instrumentation
Manager
Metric Manager

Instrumentation
Manager
Visualization
Manager
User Interface
Manager
Performance
Consultant
Data Manager
Application
Application
Processes
Processes
Visi Thread Visi Thread
HIB Daemon(s)
HIB
Dynamic Instrumentation
Dynamic Instrumentation Interface
Metric Manager
Instrumentation Manager
Points, Primitives and Predicates
addCounter(fooFlg, 1)
addCounter(fooFlg, 1)
Foo()
{
.
.
}
SendMsg( dest, ptr, cnt, size)
{
.
.
}
if (fooFlg)
startTimer(msgTme, ProcTime)
if (fooFlg)
stopTimer(msgTme)
Instrumentation generation
Base Trampolines
Mini-Trampolines
Data Collection
Internal Uses of Dynamic Instrumentation
Resource Discovery
Collection of dynamic mapping information for
HLL.
The W
3
Search Model and the
Performance Consultant
Why ? Where ? When ?
The Why Axis
Why is the application performing poorly ?
Potential performance problems are represented as hypotheses and
tests.
Hypotheses represent activities universal to all parallel
computations.
Hypotheses can be refined into more refined hypotheses using a
search hierarchy.
Tests are Boolean functions that evaluate the validity of a
hypotheses.
Tests are expressed in terms of a threshold and metrics calculated by
the Instrumentation Manager.

A sample why axis with several hypotheses
TopLevelHypotheses
SyncBottleNeck
HighSyncBlockingTime FrequentSyncOperations
HighSyncContention HighSyncHoldingTime
The Where Axis
Where is the performance problem ?
Pinpoints the problem specific to program components.
Each hierarchy in where axis has multiple levels, with the
leaf nodes being the instances of resources used by the
application.

SyncObject
Semaphores
Message SpinLock Barier
The When Axis
When does the problem occur ?
Represents periods of time during which performance
problems can occur.
The Performance Consultant
This module discovers performance problems
by searching the space defined by W
3
Search
Model.
Fully automated search but also allows user to
make manual refinements.

Open Visualization Interface
Paradyn provides a simple library and RPC
interface to access performance data in real-
time.
Visualization modules (visis) in Paradyn are
external processes that use this library and
interface.
Currently provides visis for time-histograms,
bar charts and tables.

Examples of Use
Conclusion
Computational grids are focused on high
performance distributed computing. To
achieve high performance, such systems need
to provide tools that enable the programmer
to realize the potential performance inherent
in such a system.
THANK YOU