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WCDMA Physical Layer Design

A. Chockalingam
Assistant Professor
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12

achockal@ece.iisc.ernet.in
http://ece.iisc.ernet.in/~achockal
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 2
Outline
WCDMA Network Architecture
WCDMA Physical Layer
Physical / Transport / Logical Channels
Uplink
Spreading - Channelisation / Scrambling
Transport Formats and Configuration
Multiplexing and Channel Coding
Downlink
Spreading / Scrambling / Channelisation
Multiplexing and Channel Coding
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 3
2G to 3G Evolution
IS-95A IS-95B cdma2000
IMT2000
IMT2000: ITUs Standardization Effort towards 3G
(IMT-2000 previously termed as FPLMTS)
UMTS: European Effort (Specified by 3G Partnership Project 3GPP)
GSM GPRS
WCDMA
EDGE
D
A
T
A
I
S
9
9
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 4
UMTS NW Model
USIM
Mobile
Equipment
Access
Network
Serving
Network

PS/CS
Transit
Network
Cu Uu Iu Yu
User Equipment Access Network Core Network
Infrastructure
Home
Network
Access Stratum
(Protocols between UE and Access NW)
Non-access Stratum
(Protocols between UE and Core NW)
Zu
Stratum: Refers to a way of
grouping protocols handling activities
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 5
UMTS NW Architecture
Node B
UE
UE
UE
Node B
Node B
Node B
RNC
RNC
UTRAN
RNS
RNS
CN
CN (CS Domain)
CN (PS Domain)
SGSN GGSN
Registers
HLR/AuC/EIR
(Home Network)
3G MSC
/ VLR
3G
GMSC
Uu Iu
Iur
Iub
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 6
WCDMA System Features
UTRA FDD mode and TDD mode
UTRA FDD features
Multiple Access: CDMA
Channel Spacing: 5 MHz
Chip Rate: 3.84 Mcps
Frame Length: 10 msec
Time Slots: 15 slots per 10 msec frame
Spreading Factor: 4 to 512
Multi-rate: Through Multi-code or
Orthogonal Variable Spreading
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 7
UTRA FDD Features
FEC Codes: Rate 1/2, 1/3 convolutional code
with constraint length K = 9
Rate 1/3, 8-state Turbo coding
Interleaving: Intra- or Inter-frame interleaving
(10, 20 40, 80 msec)
Modulation: QPSK
Detection: Coherent based on pilot symbols
Micro diversity: RAKE in BS and UE
Power Control: Fast closed-loop at 1500 Hz rate
Intra-frequency HO: Soft / Softer Handover
Inter-frequency HO: Hard Handover
Interference Cancellation: Support for multiuser detection
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 8
Radio Interface Protocol Model
PHY
MAC
RLC
Transport Channels
Logical Channels
User Plane
Radio Bearers
Signalling
Radio Bearers
PDCP
BMC
RRC
USER PLANE CONTROL PLANE
Control
L1
(Radio Physical Layer)
L2
(Radio Link Layer)
L3
(Radio Network Layer)
U-Plane Radio Bearers
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 9
WCDMA Radio Channels
Physical Channels
Transmission media.
Two types of physical channels defined in L1; FDD and TDD.
FDD is characterized by frequency, code, I/Q phase
Follow a layered structure of radio frames and time slots
Transport Channels
describes the way information is transferred over the radio interface
Logical Channels
the type of information transferred characterizes a logical channel


UE BS RNC
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
Physical Channels
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 10
Physical Channels
Corresponds to a specific carrier frequency,
code, relative phase in I and Q branches
Dedicated and Common Physical Channels
Layered structure of radio frames and time slots
A radio frame = 10 msec = 15 slots/frame
1 frame = 38400 chips, 1 slot = 2560 chips
Slot configuration varies depending on the
channel bit rate of the physical channel
# bits/slot different for different physical channels
may vary with time (on a frame by frame basis)

Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 11
U/L Physical Channels
Dedicated U/L Channels
DPDCH
DPCCH
Common U/L Channels
PRACH
Preamble part
Message part
PCPCH
Preamble part
Message part
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 12
Dedicated U/L Physical Channels
Two types
Dedicated Physical Data CHannel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (DPCCH)
Both are I/Q code multiplexed within each radio frame
U/L DPDCH carries the DCH transport channel
U/L DPCCH carries L1 control bits such as
Pilot bits (to enable channel estimation for coherent detection at BS)
Transmit power control (TPC) commands
Feedback Information (FBI)
used for CL transmit diversity and Site Selection Diversity
Transmission (SDTC)
Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI)
for several simultaneous services. Informs the rx of the transport
format combination of the transport channels mapped to DPDCH

Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 13
U/L Frame Structure
There is only one U/L DPCCH on each radio link
There can be 0, 1, or several DPDCHs on each radio link
10 msec frames divided into 15 slots
S0 S1 S2 S3 S13 S14
1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 msec
DATA
1 time slot = 2/3 msec
DPDCH
(on I-Chl)
Pilot
DPCCH
(on Q-Chl)
TFCI FBI TPC
10 bits = 2560 chips => SF = 256
(Ndata bits)
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 14
I, Q Spreading for DPDCH, DPCCH
DPDCH-1

DPDCH-3
Cd,1
Cd,3 Bd
Bd
I
DPDCH-2

DPCCH-2
Cd,2
Cc Bc
Bd
Q
I+jQ
Sdpch,n
Cc, Cd,n: Channelization codes
Sdpch,n: Scrambling code
Bd, Bc: Gain factors
Up to 6 DPDCHs in parallel
j
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 15
WCDMA Transmission Rates (U/L)
System Chip Rate : 3.84 Mcps
Symbol Rates on Uplink
Chl Symb Rate Chl Bit Rate SF Bits/frame Ndata
15 Ks/s 15 Kb/s 256 150 10
30 Ks/s 30 Kb/s 128 300 20
60 Ks/s 60 Kb/s 64 600 40
120 Ks/s 120 Kb/s 32 1200 80
240 Ks/s 240 Kb/s 16 2400 160
480 Ks/s 480 Kb/s 8 4800 320
960 Ks/s 960 Kb/s 4 9600 640

Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 16
WCDMA Channelisation Codes
Orthogonal codes
Used for channel separation both in U/L and D/L
directions
Can have different spreading factor values (thus
support different symbol rates)
Cch,SF,k : SF - Spreading Factor, k is the code number
0<=k<= SF-1
Spreading factor value indicates how many bits of
those codes are used in a connection


Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 17
U/L Channelization Codes
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)
channelization codes
Separates data / control channels from same UE
Preserves orthogonality between these channels

(1)
(1,1)
(1,-1)
(1,1,1,1)
(1,1,-1,-1)
(1,-1,1,-1)
(1,-1,-1,1)
SF=1
SF=2
SF=4
C(SF,k)
SF: Spreading Factor
k: code number 0<k<=SF-1
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 18
U/L Scrambling Codes
Use complex valued scrambling code
Long scrambling sequences (2^24)
Gold sequences (linear combination of two m-sequences)
Short scrambling sequences (2^24)
from a family sequence of periodically extended S(2)
codes
Long or short sequences for DPCCH / DPDCH
Only long sequences for message parts of PRACH
and PCPCH



Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 19
WCDMA Code Types
Scrambling Codes, Channelisation Codes

Uplink Downlink
Scrambling codes User separation Cell separation

Channelisation Data and Control Users within a
codes channels from the cell
same terminal

Spreading code = Scrambling code x Channelisation code

Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 20
Common U/L Physical Channels
Two Types
Physical Random Access CHannel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet CHannel (PCPCH)
Physical Random Access CHannel (PRACH)
carries RACH
Uses S-ALOHA technique with fast Acquisition Indication
Access slots (15 access slots per 2 frames)
RA transmission consists of
several 4096 chip preambles (uses 256 repetitions of 16 chips
signature sequence) and 1or 2 frame message

Preamble
Message Part (1 or 2 frames)
4096 Chips
Preamble
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 21
Random Access
UE BS
PRACH: Preamble sent (initial access)
No detection on AICH
PRACH: Preamble sent (initial access)
AICH: Preamble sent detected
PRACH: Random Access Info sent
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 22
Common U/L Physical Channels
Physical Common Packet CHannel (PCPCH)
Carries CPCH
CPCH is based on DSMA-CD technique with fast
Acquisition Indication
Access slot timing and structure are identical to those
defined for RACH
Transmission consists of
Access preamble(s) - one or several each 4096 chips
Collision Detection preamble
DPCCH Power Control Preamble (0 or 8 slots)
Message of variable length (Nx10 msec)
PCPCH good for carrying small sized bursty data
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 23
Transport Formats / Configurations
Transport Block (TB)
Basic unit of data exchanged between L1 & MAC for L1
processing
Transport Block Size: Number of bits in a TB.
Transport Block Set (TBS)
A set of TBs exchanged between L1 and MAC at the same
time instant using the same transport channel
Transport Block Set Size: Number of bits in a TBS
Transmission Time Interval (TTI)
Periodicity at which a TBS is transferred by the physical layer
on to the radio interface - {10, 20, 40, 80 ms}
MAC delivers one TBS to the physical layer every TTI
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 24
Transport Formats / Configurations
Transport Format (TF)
Format offered by L1 to MAC (and vice versa) for the delivery of a
TBS during a TTI on a given transport channel (TrCH)
Dynamic part (TB size, TBS size)
Semi-static part (TTI, type/rate of coding,size of CRC)
TB size, TBS size, TTI define the TrCH bit rate before L1 processing
e.g., TB size = 336 bits (320 bit payload + 16 bits RLC header)
TBS size = 2 TBs per TTI, TTI = 10 ms
DCH Bit rate (with RLC header) = 336*2/10 = 67.2 Kbps
User Bit rate (without RLC header) = 320*2/10 = 64 Kbps
Variable bit rate can be achieved by changing (between TTIs)
either the TBS size only, or both the TB size and TBS Size
Transport Format Set (TFS)
a set of TFs associated with a TrCH
semi-static part of all TFs in a TFS is the same

Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 25
Transport Formats / Configurations
Transport Format Combination (TFC)
Multiple TrCHs each having a TF
Authorized combination of the currently valid TFs that can be
submitted to L1 on a CCTrCH, containing one TF from each TrCH
Transport Format Combination Set (TFCS)
A set of TFCs on a CCTrCH. Produced by RNC
TFCS is given to MAC by L3 for control
MAC chooses between the different TFCs specified in the TFCS
MAC has control over only the dynamic part of the TFs. Semi-static part
relates to QoS (e.g., quality) and is controlled by RNC admission control
Bit rate can be changed quickly by MAC with no need to L3 signaling
Transport Format Indicator (TFI)
A label for a specific TF within a TFS. Used between MAC and L1
Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI)
Used to inform the receiving side of the currently valid TFC
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 26
Transport Formats / Configurations
TTI TTI TTI
TTI TTI TTI
TB
DCH1
DCH2
TB
TB
TB
TB TB
TB
Transport Block Set
(TBS)
TB
TB
Transport Format (TF)
Transport Format
Set (TFS)
Transport Format
Combination (TFC)
Transport Format
Combination Set
(TFCS)
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 27
TFI and TFCI (Transmitter)
Transport Chl 1
Transport Chl 2
Transport
Block
Transport
Block
Transport
Block
Transport
Block
TFI
TFI
TFCI
Coding and
Multiplexing
Physical
Layer
Higher
Layer
DPCCH (Q-Chl)
DPDCH (I-Chl)
Physical
Control Chl
Physical
Data Chl
E.g: Two transport channels mapped to a single physical channel
This dotted line
represents the Iur interface
in case of NW side
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 28
TFI and TFCI (Receiver)
Transport Chl 1
Transport Chl 2
Transport
Block & EI
Transport
Block & EI
Transport
Block & EI
Transport
Block & EI
TFI
TFI
TFCI
Decode
Decoding and
Demultiplexing
Physical
Layer
Higher
Layer
DPCCH (Q-Chl)
DPDCH (I-Chl)
EI: Error
Indication
Physical
Control Chl
Physical
Data Chl
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 29
TFI and TFCI
Each transport channel is accompanied by a TFI at each
time event at which data is expected to arrive from HL
Physical layer combines the TFI info from different
transport channels to the TFCI
TFCI is sent on the DPCCH to inform the receiver about
the instantaneous transport format combination of the
transport channels mapped to the U/L DPDCH
transmitted simultaneously
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 30
Transport Format (e.g., Speech)
Conversational Speech (12 Kbps)
12.2 Kbps max.
TTI: 20 msec
Transport Formats (TF) available:
TF RAB1 RAB2 RAB3
TF0v 0 x 81 0 x 103 0 x 60 (e.g., silence)
TF1v 1 x 81 1 x 103 1 x 60 (e.g, active voice)
two other formats too (see Stds. Doc.)
TFC: (TF0, TF0, TF0) e.g., during silence
(TF1, TF1, TF1) e.g., during active voice periods
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 31
Transport Format (e.g., Data)
Interactive/Background Data (64 Kbps)
64 Kbps max.
TTI: 20 msec
Transport Block (TB) size = 336 bits
Transport Formats (TF) available:
TF0 - 0 x 336
TF1 - 1 x 336
TF2 - 2 x 336
TF3 - 3 x 336
TF4 - 4 x 336
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 32
Transport Format (Speech + Data)
Conversational speech (12 Kbps) +
Interactive/Background Data (64 Kbps)
Voice TrCH Data TrCH
TFC1: (TF0v, TF0v, TF0v) TF0d
TFC2: (TF0v, TF0v, TF0v) TF1d
TFC3: (TF0v, TF0v, TF0v) TF2d
TFC4: (TF0v, TF0v, TF0v) TF3d
TFC5: (TF0v, TF0v, TF0v) TF4d
TFC6: (TF1v, TF1v, TF1v) TF0d
TFC7: (TF1v, TF1v, TF1v) TF1d
TFC8: (TF1v, TF1v, TF1v) TF2d
TFC9: (TF1v, TF1v, TF1v) TF3d
TFC10: (TF1v, TF1v, TF1v) TF4d


Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 33
Multiplexing & Channel Coding
Data arrives at the coding/mux unit in transport block sets,
once every transmission time interval (TTI)
TTI depends on the transport channel; {10, 20, 40, 80 ms})
Main steps
Add CRC to each block
transport block concatenation and block segmentation
channel coding
first interleaving (per TTI)
radio frame segmentation (when TTI > 10 ms)
rate matching (repetition or puncturing)
multiplexing of transport channels (CCTrCH)
insertion of DTX indication bits
physical channel segmentation
second interleaving (per radio frame, ie., among bits in 1 radio frame)
mapping to physical channel


Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 34
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (U/L)
CRC Attachment
TrBk Concatenation/
Code Block Segmentation
Channel Coding
Radio Frame Equalization
1st Interleaving
Radio Frame Segmentation
Rate Matching
CCTrCH
CRC Attachment
TrBk Concatenation/
Code Block Segmentation
Channel Coding
Radio Frame Equalization
1st Interleaving
Radio Frame Segmentation
Rate Matching
TrCH-2
TrCH Multiplexing
Physical Channel Segmentation
2nd interleaving
TrCH-1
Physical Channel Mapping
PhCH#2 PhCH#1
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 35
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (..cntd)
Applicable to DCH, RACH, CPCH, DSCH, BCH,
FACH, PCH
CRC
add CRC to each transport block for error detection
CRC calculated on entire transport block
Size of CRC: 24, 16, 12, 8, 0 bits
what CRC size is used for each TrCH is signaled from
higher layers

Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 36
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (..cntd)
TrBk Concatenation & Code Block Segmentation
all transport blocks in a TTI are concatenated
if no. of bits in a TTI after concatenation (X) is greater than
the maximum size of the code block (in the channel coding
block), then code block segmentation is done
max. size of the code block (Z) depends on whether
Convolutional code ( Z = 504 bits) or
Turbo code ( Z = 5114 bits) is used for the TrCH
Code blocks after segmentation are of the same size
Filler bits (zeros) added to 1st coded block to
to make integer number of code blocks, or
if X < 40 bits when Turbo code is used

Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 37
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (..cntd)
Channel Coding


Coding Scheme
Coding Rate
Type of TrCH
BCH
PCH
RACH
DPCH, DCH,
DSCH, FACH
Convolutional
Coding
(constraint
length = 9)
Turbo Coding
1/3
1/3, 1/2
1/2
If number of coded blocks is greater than 1, they are
serially concatenated
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 38
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (..cntd)
Radio Frame Equalization
padding the input bit sequence in order to ensure that
the output can be segmented into data segments of
equal size
I.e., number of bits per segment is same after radio
frame equalization
performed only on the U/L
1st Interleaving
block interleaver
among bits in a TTI
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 39
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (..cntd)
Radio Frame Segmentation
when TTI > 10 msec, input bit sequence is segmented
and mapped on to Fi consecutive radio frames
Rate Matching
means that bits on a transport channel are repeated or
punctured to ensure that the total bit rate after TrCH
multiplexing is identical to the total channel bit rate
of the allocated dedicated physical channels
higher layers assign a rate-matching (semi-static)
attribute for each transport channel
this attribute is used to calculate the number of bits to
repeat or puncture, spreading factor, number of PhCHs
needed, rate matching pattern

Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 40
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (..cntd)
TrCH Multiplexing
every 10 msec, one radio frame from each TrCH is
delivered to the TrCH multiplexing
these radio frames are serially concatenated into a
coded composite transport channel (CCTrCH)
Physical Channel Segmentation
when more than once PhCH is used, the physical
channel segmentation divides the bits among different
PhCHs
2nd Interleaving
among bits within a radio frame
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 41
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (..cntd)
Insertion of Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
Indication Bits
only on the D/L
used to fill up the radio frame with bits
insertion point depends on whether fixed positions (1st
Insertion) or flexible positions (2nd Insertion) of the
TrCHs in the radio frame are used
During connection setup, NW decides if fixed or flexible
position is used for each CCTrCH
DTX Indication bits are not transmitted; they only tell
when the Tx must be turned off



Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 42
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (..cntd)
Transport Format Detection
TFCI Based Detection
Explicit Blind Detection
using receive power ratio
by use of channel decoding and CRC check
Guided Detection
Explicit blind detection used on Guiding TrCH
Guiding TrCH has the same TTI as the TrCH under
consideration



Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 43
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (..cntd)
Blind Transport Format Detection
Using Received Power Ratio (for the case of 2 TFs)
Ratio of the power received on DPDCH (Pd) and DPCCH (Pc)
Full Rate TF: if ratio Pd/Pc > threshold
Zero rate TF: if ratio Pd/Pc < threshold
Using CRC (for the case of multiple TFs)
Receiver knows only the possible TFs or end bit (thru L3 signaling)
Receiver performs FEC (Viterbi) decoding
path metric selection among the surviving paths in the decoding


Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 44
D/L Physical Channels
Dedicated D/L Channels
DPDCH
DPCCH
Common D/L Channels
Common PIlot CHannel (CPICH)
Primary CPICH
Secondary CPICH
Common Control Physical CHannel (CCPCH)
Primary CCPCH,
Secondary CCPCH
Synchronization CHannel (SCH)
Primary SCH,
Secondary SCH




Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 45
Dedicated D/L Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical CHannel (D/L DPCH)
transmits dedicated data generated at L2 and above
time-multiplexes with L1 control bits (Pilot, TPC,
TFCI)
D/L DPCH
Time-multiplex of a D/L DPDCH and a D/L DPCCH


Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 46
DL Frame Structure
S0
10 msec frames divided into 15 slots






No. of bits in different DPDCH field (Npilot, Ntpc, Ntfci, Ndata1,
Ndata2) are given in tables
Which slot format to use is configured (and reconfigured) by
higher layers



S1 S2 S3 S13 S14
1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 msec
DATA 1
1 time slot = 2/3 msec
DPDCH
Pilot
DPCCH
TFCI TPC
DATA 2
DPDCH
DPCCH
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 47
D/L Transmission
Multicode Transmission on D/L
Multicode transmission can be employed on the D/L
I.e., CCTrCH is mapped on to several parallel D/L
DPCHs using the same spreading factor
In this case, L1 control information is sent only on the
first downlink DPCH
Multiple CCTrCHs
In case there are several CCTrCHs mapped to different
DPCHs transmitted to the same UE, different spreading
factors can be used on DPCHs
multiple CCTrCHs feature for future release


Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 48
WCDMA Transmission Rates (D/L)
System Chip Rate : 3.84 Mcps
Symbol Rates on Downlink
Symb Rate Chl bit rate SF
7.5 Ks/s 15 Kb/s 512
15 Ks/s 30 Kb/s 256
30 Ks/s 60 Kb/s 128
60 Ks/s 120 Kb/s 64
120 Ks/s 240 Kb/s 32
240 Ks/s 480 Kb/s 16
480 Ks/s 960 Kb/s 8
960 Ks/s 1920 Kb/s 4
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 49
Common D/L Physical Channels
Common Pilot CHannel (CPICH)
30 Kbps fixed rate channel (SF = 256)
Primary CPICH
Always uses the same channelization code
Scrambled by primary scrambling code
There is one and only one P-CPICH per cell
Broadcast over the entire cell
Provides a phase reference for several D/L channels
Secondary CPICH
Uses an arbitrary channelization code of SF=256
Scrambled either by the primary or a secondary scrambling code
A cell may contain 0,1, or several S-CPICH
Broadcast over entire OR part of a cell
A S-CPICH can be a phase reference to some D/L channels
(which is communicated to the UE thru higher layer signaling)


Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 50
Common D/L Physical Channels
Common Control Physical CHannel (CCPCH)
Primary CCPCH (P-CCPCH)
30 Kbps fixed rate channel with SF=256
Carries BCH transport channel
No TPC, TFCI, pilot bits are sent
the transport channel mapped to P-CCPCH (I.e., BCH) can
only have a fixed predefined TFC
Secondary CCPCH (S-CCPCH)
Carries FACH and PCH
S-CCPCH can be with TFCI and without TFCI
NW decides if TFCI has to be sent
So UE should be (mandatory) capable of receiving with or
without TFCI (i.e., blind)
S-CCPCH can support multiple TFCs using TFCI
Main difference between CCPCHs and Dedicated Physical
Channels : a CCPCH is NOT inner loop Power Controlled
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 51
Common D/L Physical Channels
Synchronization CHannel (SCH)
Downlink signal used for cell search
Consists of Primary and Secondary subchannels
Primary SCH
Uses Primary Sychronization Code (PSC), TX
once every slot
PSC is the same for every cell in the system
Secondary SCH
Tx in parallel with Primary SCH
SSC indicates which of the code groups (64
groups) the cells DL scrambling code belongs to




Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 52
D/L Spreading
DL Physical
Channel data
Cd,SF,m
Serial to
Parallel
Conv.
I
Q
I+jQ
Sdl,n
j
Channelisation code: - Differentiate users in a cell
- OVSF
- UTRAN assigns channelisation codes to diff. phy. chls
Scrambling Code: Differentiate cells
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 53
Scrambling Codes
# possible D/L scrambling codes = 2**18 -1 = 262143
Scrambling codes divided into 512 sets
1 primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes
So, there are 512 x 16 = 8192 codes
Each cell is allocated one and only primary scrambling code
The primary CCPCH (Common Control Physical CHannel) is Tx
always using this primary scrambling code
Other D/L physical channels can be Tx with either the PSC or SSC
from the set associated with the PSC of the cell


Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 54
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (D/L)
CRC Attachment
TrBk Concatenation/
Code Block Segmentation
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
1st Insertion of DTX Indication
1st Interleaving
Radio Frame Segmentation
CCTrCH
CRC Attachment
TrBk Concatenation/
Code Block Segmentation
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
1st Insertion of DTX Indication
1st Interleaving
Radio Frame Segmentation
TrCH-2
TrCH Multiplexing
Physical Channel Segmentation
2nd interleaving
TrCH-1
Physical Channel Mapping
PhCH#2 PhCH#1
2nd Insertion of DTX Indication
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 55
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (..cntd)
Physical Channel Mapping
on U/L: PhCHs are either completely filled or not
used at all
on D/L: No bits in locations with DTX indication
in compressed mode, no bits are mapped to certain slots
in a PhCH. Reducing the SF by a factor of 2, 7.5 slots per
frame is used in compressed mode

Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 56
Multiplexing & Channel Coding (..cntd)
Insertion of Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
Indication Bits
only on the D/L
used to fill up the radio frame with bits
insertion point depends on whether fixed positions (1st
Insertion) or flexible positions (2nd Insertion) of the
TrCHs in the radio frame are used
During connection setup, NW decides if fixed or flexible
position is used for each CCTrCH
DTX Indication bits are not transmitted; they only tell
when the Tx must be turned off



Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 57
WCDMA Physical Channels
P-CCPCH
S-CCPCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
PDSCH
PCPCH
PRACH
BS
UE
AICH
P-SCH
S-SCH
CSICH
CPICH
PICH
CD/CA-ICH
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 58
Channel Mapping on the U/L
CCCH
DTCH
DCCH
RACH
DCH
CPCH
PRACH
DPDCH DPCCH
PCPCH
Logical
Channels
Transport
Channels
Physical
Channels
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 59
Channel Mapping on the D/L
BCCH
PCCH CTCH CCCH
DCCH DTCH
BCH
PCH FACH DCH
DSCH
P-CCPCH
S-CCPCH DPDCH DPCCH
PDSCH
Logical
Channels
Transport
Channels
Physical
Channels

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