Introduction To Information and Computer Science: Basic Computing Concepts, Including History

Introduction to Information and
Computer Science
Basic Computing Concepts,
Including History
Lecture e
This material (Comp4_Unit1e) was developed by Oregon Health and Science University, funded by the Department of Health
and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number
IU24OC000015.
Basic Computing Concepts Including History
Learning Objectives
Define what a computer is (Lecture a)
Describe different types of computers, including PCs,
mobile devices and embedded computers (Lecture a)
Define the common elements of computer systems
(Lecture a)
Describe the various hardware and software options for
typical desktop, laptop and server systems for home and
business use with a focus on healthcare systems
(Lectures b and c)
Explain the development of computers and the Internet,
including healthcare systems, up until the present time.
(Lecture d and e)
2
Health IT Workforce Curriculum
Version 3.0/Spring 2012
Introduction to Information and Computer Science
Lecture e
Personal Computers
Up until 1970s, large computers and
mainframes were used by government,
large industries and universities
Reduced size and cost of microprocessors
led to computers for personal use
People who had been programming large
machines at work and school could now
own their own computers at home!

3
Lecture e
First Personal Computer
Altair 8800
Available in 1975 as a
kit or fully assembled
Programmed with
switches
Output was given with
flashing lights
Very popular with
hobbyists
Bill Gates and Paul Allen
started Microsoft with
compiler for Altair
4
Lecture e
(MITS, nd. Public domain PD-US)
Apple
5
Lecture e
Steve Jobs and Steve
Wozniak started Apple
Computer Company in
1976
Apple I (1976) was a
kituser had to provide
keyboard, power supply
and monitor.
Apple II (1977) came
with keyboard, monitor
and floppy drive

Apple II
(Uthman, 2003. (CC BY-SA 2.0) )
(Rama & Muse Bolo, 2010. (CC BY-SA 2.0))

IBM Personal Computers
In 1981, IBM released its first
personal computer
Based on Intel 8088 chip
Used off the shelf parts,
software
Because its architecture
wasn't proprietary, led to the
development of "clones"
Used for business and
personal use
Launched success of Microsoft
6
Lecture e
(Boffy, 2006. (CC BY-SA 3.0))
Software
These machines needed software to run
programs
The operating system is necessary for
coordinating with the hardware
DOS was developed for Apple
QDOS was developed for Intel Chip
Bought by Microsoft
Became MS-DOS for IBM PC
7
Lecture e
First Popular Software Program
VisiCalc was developed
by Harvard Business
School students Dan
Bricklin and Bob
Frankston in 1978
Spreadsheet program for
PC
100,000+ copies were
sold the first year
8
Lecture e
(Gortu, 2005)
The Internet
In the meantime, the beginnings of the
Internet were starting
In 1969, ARPANET connected 4 universities
Sponsored by the US Government for connecting
researchers
Motivated by the Cold War
By 1971 there were 15 sites on the network
By 1980s there were over 1000 sites on the
network and the term Internet is born
9
Lecture e
The Internet
Other networks formed and eventually all
merged to become the Internet
In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee developed the
World Wide Web software
In 1992, Congress votes to allow
commercial activity on the Internet
In 1993, first web browsers were released
In 1997, PubMed was launched

10
Lecture e
Historic World Wide Web Logo
(P, 2007. PD-US)
The Perfect Storm in the 1990s
Personal computers became faster, cheaper
and smaller as technology advanced
More households and people purchased
computers
Microsoft introduced Windows
Computer interaction easier with a mouse and
graphical user interface
The Internet was open to commercial use
and browsers made exploring websites easy
The Internet Boom!
11
Lecture e
Electronic Medical Records
Become more pervasive in the 1990s
In 1996, HIPAA was passed establishing
rules for accessing and storing electronic
medical records
By 2000, 16% private physicians,
< 10% hospitals used EMRs
By 2005, 25% private
physicians used EMRs
12
Lecture e
VistA screenshot
(Hribar, 2010)
Since Then
Personal Data Assistants introduce hand
held computing
Smartphones replace PDAs
Wireless networks are widely available
Mobile computing is now pervasive
Social networking sites connect people
Computers and the Internet are ubiquitous
HITECH Act passed in 2009 to provide
incentives for EMR use starting in 2011

13
Lecture e
The Future?
Computing technology will continue to
become faster, more powerful and smaller
How will mobile and cloud computing
evolve?
More ubiquitous?
More embedded
computers?
Difficult to say for sure
14
Lecture e
(Johnston, 2009. CC BY-SA 3.0)
Basic Computing Concepts
Including History
Summary Lecture e
15
Personal computers developed in 1970s
Altair 8800; Apple I; Apple II; and IBM PC
Internet boom of the 1990s
Technology continues to develop
Lecture e
Basic Computing Concepts
Including History
Summary

Computers are electronic devices that input,
calculate and output data
Include PCs, smart phones, embedded
computers
Purchasing a new personal computer requires
research
Computers have evolved from simple counting
and calculating tools to the complex, fast
electronic systems they are today.
16
Lecture e
References Lecture e
17
Lecture e
References
Bricklin, Daniel. Visicalc. [Website]. c2010. [cited 2011 Nov 18]; Available from: http://bricklin.com/visicalc.htm.
Collen, Morris Frank B.E.E., M.D. A History of Medical Informatics in the United States: 1950 1990. Indianapolis:
BooksCraft, Inc.; 1995.
Computer History Museum. History of the Internet. c2006. [cited 2011 Nov 18]; Available from:
http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/.
Cringely, Bob. Triumph of the Nerds [DVD]. Ambrose Video; 2002.
Electronic Health Record. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2011 March 20; [cited 22 March
2011]; Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_health_record .
History of Computing Hardware. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2011 March 18; [cited 22 March
2010]; Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware.
History of Computing. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2011 March 9; [cited 22 March 2011]; Available
from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing.
Kass-Bartelmes, Barbara L., M.P.H., C.H.E.S., Ortiz, Eduardo, M.D., M.P.H. Medical Informatics for Better and Safer
Health Care. Research in Action, Issue 6 [serial on the Internet]. 2002, June; [cited 22 March 2011]; Available
from: http://www.ahrq.gov/data/informatics/informatria.htm.
VistA. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2011 March 18; [cited 22 March 2011]; Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VistA.

References Lecture e (continued)
Images
Slide 4: MITS Altair 8800 computer. MITS (nd.) Holley, M. (1975).
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Altair_Computer_Ad_May_1975.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the
Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain image (PD-US).
Slide 5: Apple I computer. Uthman, E. (2003, March) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_I_Computer.jpg. Retrieved
Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. This file is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license (CC BY-SA 2.0).
Slide 5: Apple II computer. Rama & Musee Bolo (2010, July) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple-II.jpg. Retrieved
Nov. 2011 from the Wikipedia website: http://enwikipedia.org. This image is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 France license (CC SA-BY 2.0).
Slide 6: IBM PC. Boffy, B. (2006, August) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_PC_5150.jpg. Retrieved Nov.
2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. This file is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license (CC BY-SA 3.0).
Slide 8: Visicalc Screenshot. (Gortu, 2005) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visicalc.png. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the
Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. This work is free software; you can redistribute it
and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
Slide 10: World Wide Web historic logo. Pe, H. (2007, May)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the
Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain (PD-US).
Slide 12: Vista screenshot. Hribar, M. (2010).
Slide 14: Cloud computing diagram. Johnston, S. (2009, March)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cloud_computing.svg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website:
http://commons.wikimedia.org. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
Unported license (CC SA-BY 3.0).
18
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