Comp4 Unit4c Lecture Slides

Introduction to Information and
Computer Science
Computer Software
Lecture c
This material (Comp4_Unit4c) was developed by OHSU, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of
the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number [IU24OC000015].
Computer Software
Learning Objectives
Define application vs. system software. (Lecture a)
Give examples of application software focusing on
healthcare systems. (Lecture a)
Describe the functions of system software. (Lecture b)
List different types of operating systems. (Lecture b)
Explain the purpose and usage of file systems.
(Lecture c)

Health IT Workforce Curriculum
Version 3.0/Spring 2012
2
Introduction to Information and Computer Science
Computer Software
Lecture c
File System
A file system is a way of organizing files
and their data on a storage device
An operating system includes a file system
OS serves as intermediary between file
system and applications
Applications include software, OS utilities, etc.
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Computer Software
Lecture c
Files
Files are blocks of program
instructions or data stored on disk
File types
Executable (machine code
instructions)
Text file (collection of characters)
Special format
Particular to an application (e.g.,
Microsoft
Word, Excel)
Format for storing images, videos, etc.
Format for archives
4
Computer Software
Lecture c
(clker.com, 2010, PD-US)
File Names and Extensions
Every file must have a name
Each OS has its own naming rules
May or may not be case-sensitive
The file extension is the portion of the name after .
Identifies the file type
Used to identify what you can do with the file
May not see the extension
Examples
essay.doc
budget.xls
winzip.exe
photo1.jpg
5
Computer Software
Lecture c
File Permissions
Files have owners
Files have permissions
Identify if the file can be read (opened)
Identify if the file can be written (saved)
Identify if the file is an executable program (a
program that can be run)
Permissions may vary by user
One user may only be able to read a file, another
may be able to read and write
Important security measure
6
Computer Software
Lecture c
File Size
All files have a size
Expressed in bytes (or KB or MB or GB)
Size depends on the amount of data stored in
the file
A long Word document will be larger than a short
one
An HD video will be larger than a low resolution
video
A high resolution image will be larger than a
simple text file (unless the text file is really, really
long)
7
Computer Software
Lecture c
Organizing Groups of Files
Most file systems provide ways to organize
your files into containers
In Windows and Mac OS the containers are called
folders
In Unix
and Linux, the containers are called

directories
Folders/directories contained within other
folders/directories are called
subfolders/subdirectories
A flat file system has only one large directory
or folder
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Computer Software
Lecture c
File Management Utilities
Operating systems provide utilities for the user to
manage files and folders/directories
Microsoft Windows
Explorer
Mac OS X Finder
Typed commands in Unix
Allow user to
View files and properties
Find files
Move files
Copy and paste files
Rename files
Create folders/directories
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Computer Software
Lecture c
Microsoft Windows File Explorer
(Windows Vista, 2009, with permission from Microsoft )
10
Computer Software
Lecture c
Mac OS X Finder
(Apple Inc., 2009, WP: FUR)
11
Computer Software
Lecture c
Dolphin File Manager
KDE
Windows for Linux

(KDE
, 2008, GNU-GPL)
12
Computer Software
Lecture c
Application File Utilities
These file utilities
are available
within
applications, too
Facilitate moving,
deleting, copying,
opening, and
saving files

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Computer Software
Lecture c
(Sven, 2008, GNU-GPL)
File System Hierarchy
File systems that
are not flat have a
hierarchy
A tree like structure
that represents
nested subfolders/
subdirectories

(Che, 2005, GNU-GPL)
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Computer Software
Lecture c
Other File Utilities
Search
File compression/archiving
utilities
Windows compression utilities
WinZip
Stuffit
Backup and restore utilities
Security utilities
File transfer utilities
15
Computer Software
Lecture c
(clker.com, 2007 2010, PD-US)
File System Implementation
Different types of file systems
Disk File System
Flash File System
Network File System
The logical model (Explorer/Finder) is
different from the physical model (hard
disk)
16
Computer Software
Lecture c
Hard Disk Drive
A hard disk drive
contains a platter where
data is stored
The spindle holds one or
more platters
The platter spins and the
arm moves so that the
head is over the location
on disk to be read/written
(Surachit, 2007, CC BY-SA 3.0)

17
Computer Software
Lecture c
Disk File Storage
Files are stored physically in
sectors (C) on the platter
(usually 512 bytes)
Sectors make up a track (A)
Groups of adjacent sectors are
called clusters (D)
Each sector and track has an
address
18
Computer Software
Lecture c
(Heron2/MistWiz, 2008, PD-US)
Formatting Disk
Disks must be formatted before they can
be used
Separated into tracks and sectors
Given addresses
Most disks come pre-formatted
May need to reformat later
19
Computer Software
Lecture c
File Systems
Serve as an interface to the storage
device (disk drive)
Keep track of where files are located
File name and its address on disk
Kept in an index
Optimize speed of storing and retrieving
data
Uses clusters of sectors
Keeps track of free clusters
Files may be stored in non-contiguous
clusters
Called fragmented files
Can be slow to access
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Computer Software
Lecture c
File Systems (continued)
What happens when a file is deleted?
File system removes file from index
Identifies clusters as free
Can sometimes be recovered
Must do it quickly
Can use file shredder utilities to overwrite
clusters
In healthcare, old disks must be safely disposed
21
Computer Software
Lecture c
Disk File System Examples
FAT (File Allocation Table)
Simple file system without file security
FAT12, FAT16, FAT32
Used in Microsoft OS before Windows NT
Used on flash cards today
NTFS (NT File System)
Complex file system with file security
Used in Microsoft Windows starting with version NT
22
Computer Software
Lecture c
File System Examples
(continued)
HFS, HFS+, HFSX (Hierarchical File System)
Mac OS and Mac OS X
HFS was similar to FAT16
HFS+ and HFSX introduced file security
ext family, XFS
Linux
Provides file security and access control

Note: one OS can support multiple file systems
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Computer Software
Lecture c
Putting It All Together
The application or the user performs a file
operation (open, close, read, write)
The operating system translates that
operation into one understood by the file
system
The file system finds the file and performs the
operation. If any data is returned, its sent to
the OS.
The OS returns any data to the application or
user
24
Computer Software
Lecture c
File Management Tips
Use descriptive names for files and folders/directories
Maintain proper file extensions
Group similar files together
Organize folders/directories in a proper hierarchy
Delete or archive files you no longer need
Defragment drive regularly
Maintain enough free space (20%) on drive
Back up!
25
Computer Software
Lecture c
(clker.com, 2011,
PD-US)
Computer Software
Summary - Lecture c
File systems
File types
File sizes
Permissions
File organization on a hard drive
26
Computer Software
Lecture b
Computer Software Summary
Software is instructions for the hardware
Application software makes computers productive
and entertaining for users
Operating systems coordinate applications and
hardware
Operating systems are on every computer from
PCs to smart phones to embedded computers
File systems manage the storage and retrieval of
files stored on disk
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Computer Software
Lecture c
Computer Software
References Lecture c
References
Computer File. (2011). Retrieved 24 March 2011 from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file.
Evans A, Martin K, Poatsey MA. (2010). Chapter 5: Using System Software: The Operating System, Utility
Programs and File Management. In: Technology in Action: Complete. 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall;.
File Allocation Table. (2011). Retrieved 24 March 2011 from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT_file_system.
File Systems. (2011). Retrieved 24 March 2011 from Wikipedia:. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system.
Hard Disk Drive. (2011). Retrieved 24 March 2011 from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive.
HFS Plus. (2011). Retrieved 24 March 2011 from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS_Plus.
Hierarchical File System. (2011). Retrieved 24 March 2011 from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System.
Microsoft Technet. (2011) Chapter 17: Disk and File System Basics. In Windows NT Workstation Resource Kit.
Retrieved from: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc750198.aspx.
Morley Deborah, Parker Charles S. (2011) Chapter 6: System Software: Operating Systems and Utility Programs.
In: Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow. 12
th
ed. Boston: Course Technology.
NTFS. (2011). Retrieved 24 March 2011 from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntfs.
Parsons JJ, Oja D. (2011). Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management. In: New Perspectives on
Computer Concepts 2011: Comprehensive. 13th ed. Boston: Course Technology.
Shelley GB, Vermaat ME. (2011). Chapter 8: Operating Systems and Utility Programs. In: Discovering Computers
2011: Introductory. 1st ed. Boston: Course Technology.

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Computer Software
Lecture c
Computer Software
Images
Slide 3: Binary File Image [image on the Internet]. c 2010 [Updated 8/13/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from:
http://www.clker.com/clipart-binary-file.html. (PD-US).
Slide 8: Folder Image [image on the Internet]. c 2007 [Updated 11/13/2007; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from:
http://www.clker.com/clipart-3618.html. (PD-US).
Slide 10: Screenshot of Windows Explorer in Windows Vista [image on the Internet]. Used with permission from
Microsoft (c 2009). [Updated 9/6/2009; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_Explorer_Vista.png.
Slide 11: Mac OS X Finder Image [image on the Internet]. Apple Inc. (c 2009). [Updated 8/8/2009; cited
11/8/2011]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finder.png. (WP:FUR).
Slide 12: KDE
Dolphin Image [image on the Internet]. KDE
(c 2008). [Updated 8/2/2008; cited 11/8/2011].

Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KDE_4.0.png. (GNU-GPL).
Slide 13: Drag and Drop Image [image on the Internet]. Sven (c 2008). [Updated 8/5/2008; cited 11/8/2011].
Available from: http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/File:Drag-and-drop-en.svg. (GNU-GPL).
Slide 14: Directory Tree Image [image on the Internet]. Che (c 2010). [Updated 1/19/2010; cited 11/8/2011].
Available from: http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/File:Directory_tree.png. (GNU-GPL).
Slide 15: Magnifying Glass Image [image on the Internet]. c 2007 [Updated 11/13/2007; cited 11/8/2011].
Available from: http://www.clker.com/clipart-8173.html. (PD-US).
Slide 15: Compress Image [image on the Internet]. c 2007 [Updated 11/13/2007; cited 11/8/2011]. Available
from: http://www.clker.com/clipart-7593.html. (PD-US).

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Computer Software
Lecture c
Computer Software
Images
Slide 15: Shield Image [image on the Internet]. c 2010 [Updated 10/27/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from:
http://www.clker.com/clipart-shield-icon.html. (PD-US).
Slide 17: Hard Disk Image [image on the Internet]. Surachit (c 2008). [Updated 12/20/2009; cited 11/8/2011].
Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hard_drive-en.svg. (CC BY-SA 3.0).
Slide 18: Disk structure Image [image on the Internet]. Heron2/MistWiz (c 2008). [Updated 3/5/2008; cited
11/8/2011]. Available from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Disk-structure2.svg. (PD-US).
Slide 20: File Cabinet Image [image on the Internet]. c 2010 [Updated 6/22/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available
from: http://www.clker.com/clipart-system-file-manager.html. (PD-US).
Slide 25: String on finger Image [image on the Internet]. c 2011 [Updated 5/9/2011; cited 11/8/2011]. Available
from: http://www.clker.com/clipart-reminder.html. (PD-US).

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Computer Software
Lecture c

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Introduction to Information and

and Linux, the containers are called

Windows for Linux

Dolphin Image [image on the Internet]. KDE

(c 2008). [Updated 8/2/2008; cited 11/8/2011].

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