Monday, May 05, 2014 1

UNIT 1


INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTERS
Monday, May 05, 2014 2
TOPICS TO BE COVERED

DEFINITION
A SIMPLE MODEL OF COMPUTER
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
CHARACTERSTICS OF COMPUTER
SYSTEM
Monday, May 05, 2014 3
DEFINITION--- a computer is an
automatic electronic apparatus use to
perform calculation or controlling
operations that are expressible in
numerical or logical terminology
In other word a computer is defined as an
electronic device used to carry out
mathematical and non mathematical
operation with the help of programs
Monday, May 05, 2014 4
Program--: a program is a sequence of
instructions written in specific computer
language, which operates , on data to
perform certain task.
Monday, May 05, 2014 5
Characteristics of computer
SPEED
STORAGE
DILIGENCE
VERSATILITY
ACCURACY
NO/INTELLIGENCE/I.Q
Monday, May 05, 2014 6
No human emotions
Reduce redundancy
Automation
Cost
Programmability
No heuristics
No decision making power



Monday, May 05, 2014 7
TYPES OF COMPUTER
Computer can be classified based on two
different parameters
According to data processing mode/logic/
manufacturing principle
According to size/ function/cost
Monday, May 05, 2014 8
According to data processing
1) Analog
2) Digital
3) Hybrid

Digital are further divided in two types
general purpose
special purpose
Monday, May 05, 2014 9
According to size/function/cost
1) Micro computer
2) Mini computer
3) Main frame computer
4) Super computer
Monday, May 05, 2014 10
ANALOG COMPUTER
These computers are used for measuring
purpose rather than counting
They are used for measurement of
physical quantity and output are generally
displayed on graphs
Physical process is converted into
mathematical equation than these eq. are
converted into mathematical form

Monday, May 05, 2014 11
And finally this output is converted into
mathematical form
Example of quantity that can be measured
by analog computer are pressure, voltage,
temperature and speed

Monday, May 05, 2014 12
DIGITAL COMPUTER
Digital computer represent information
discretely (non- continuous)
They use a binary system that represent
each piece of information as a series of
zeros and ones
Digital values are countable instead of
measurable
Monday, May 05, 2014 13
Digital computer are high-speed
programmable electronic devices that
perform arithmetical, logical operations
and store the result.
General purpose digital computer --:
digital computer can be used for general-
purpose applications such as accounting,
banking, payroll.
Monday, May 05, 2014 14
Special purpose digital computer--: use for
special scientific purposes such as special
purpose processor designed to store
complex navigational problems

Monday, May 05, 2014 15
HYBRID COMPUTER
Hybrid computer combine feature of
digital and analog computer
Digital computer give better accuracy and
analog computer give better speed ,so
hybrid computer include both the feature
of speed and accuracy

Monday, May 05, 2014 16
Hybrid computer are usually used for
those types special problem in which input
data derived from measurement is
converted into digital form and processed
by the computer
for example ICU, of the hospital ,analog
devices are used to measure the heart
function, temperature and other vital signs
Monday, May 05, 2014 17
Than these measurement are converted
into number and supplied to a digital
device
This digital device is used to monitor the
patient vital signal and to send an
immediate signal to the doctors room ,if
any abnormal reading is detected
Monday, May 05, 2014 18
MICRO COMPUTER

a) Cheapest and smallest computer
b) Micro refers to size of computer and its
circuitry
c) Microcomputer has a microprocessor
chip as its CPU
d) Microprocessor is digital electronic
device ,which has million of logical
circuits fabricated according to a plan
Monday, May 05, 2014 19
First micro computer was invented in 1970
It was built with 8- bit microprocessor chip
E.g. MOS 6502, intel8080
Now 16 bit, 32 bit,64 bit microprocessor
are available
Speed of 16 bit and 32 bit microcomputer
is 100 KIPS
Monday, May 05, 2014 20
Main feature of micro computer

portable
affordable cost
easily upgradeable
easily transportable
easy to install

Monday, May 05, 2014 21
MINI COMPUTER
Introduced in 1960
Storage capacity is more than that of
microcomputer
Size larger than microcomputer but
smaller than main frame computer
Generally used where large n.o of people
have to work on different terminals having
same job such as telephone or electricity
billing
Monday, May 05, 2014 22
Mini computer were used for both the
single and multipurpose
Mini computer are compatible speed wise
with microcomputer and storage capacity
is larger than microcomputer
Most suitable for network environment
such as railways, air line reservation


Monday, May 05, 2014 23
MAIN FRAME COMPUTER
Also known as midi computer
Very large computers in size
Memory size of these vary from 1 MB to
16 GB
CPU speed vary in range from 32 to 100
millions instructions per second
Main frame computer can support more
than 100 user in time sharing mode

Monday, May 05, 2014 24
Cost of main frame computers range from
10 lakhs to crore
Extensively used in large organizations
such as university banks etc
Monday, May 05, 2014 25
SUPER-COMPUTER
Also called as maxi computers
Most sophisticated machines used for
special purpose application such as
weather forecasting ,missile launching,
remote sensing and image processing
Super computer contains a n.o of CPU
which operates in parallel to make it faster
The memory and hard disk capacity are
256 MB or even more than 1000 GB
Monday, May 05, 2014 26
Super computer is based on the principle
of parallel processing a single job is
broken into no of module and each
module is performed by different CPUs
simultaneously
Price of super computer is in millions of
dollar
E.g PARAM -10,000 , ANURAG, cyber -205
Monday, May 05, 2014 27
Speed of super computer has been
extended upto BIPS
Memory capacities are several giga bytes
Monday, May 05, 2014 28
Computer generations
First developed computer was abacus ,
developed in china in 600 B.C and was
based on the principle of positional
weights of beads on a rock
Computer generation is basically divided in
5 parts
Monday, May 05, 2014 29
FIRST GENERATION(1951-1959)
in this generation
ENIAC,EDVAC,EDSAC,IBM-650 computers
were developed
These generation was started in 1946
Vacuum tubes were used in this
generation
Punched card were used for I/O
operations
Monday, May 05, 2014 30
Machine language and assembly language
were used this generation
Magnetic tapes were used as secondary
storage device
DRAW BACKS
Unreliable
air conditioning were require for cooling
the vacuum tubes
Monday, May 05, 2014 31
Huge in size, costly , limited use

Monday, May 05, 2014 32
SECOND GENERATION (1959-1965)

Transistor were used as brain of computer
in place of vacuum tubes
1. Punched card and magnetic tapes were
used for i/p and o/p operation
2. High level language such as fortan,
cobol, basic were introduced



Monday, May 05, 2014 33
Smaller more reliable ,less heat generating
High speed than first generation computer
E.g IBM 1401 series, ATLAS
Monday, May 05, 2014 34
THIRD GENERATION (1965-1971)
Integrated circuit technology was
introduced
Smaller in size
Monitor and keyboard were introduced for
i/p and o/p operations
Magnetic disk were still used for external
storage

Monday, May 05, 2014 35
Time sharing and multi programming os
were introduced
Speed was maintenance cost and
hardware failure was reduced
In this generation manual assembly of
component was replaced by machine
assembly, therefore the commercial
production become cheaper and faster

Monday, May 05, 2014 36
Fourth generation(1971-present)
Fourth generation of computers emerged
with a large scale integrated circuit and
very large scale integrated circuit, which
fabricated lakh of transistor on a tiny
silicon chip, these development were
followed by creation of microprocessor
It was capable of performing arithmetic,
logic and control operation with very fast
speed
Monday, May 05, 2014 37
The single microprocessor was called CPU
Compact size, faster speed and high
reliability
High portability low maintenance cost,
semi conductor main memory was
introduced
Monday, May 05, 2014 38
Use of application software , DBMS, and
spread sheet



Monday, May 05, 2014 39
Fifth generation computer
Future generation yet to come
Computer which can think like human
being
Main emphasis is on development of
artificial intelligence
Knowledge processing in place of data
processing
Monday, May 05, 2014 40
Monday, May 05, 2014 41
COMPUTER HARDWARE
Hard ware is a physical equipment which
can be seen touch and feel in the
computer system
Basic component or building block of
computer system
CPU
Memory
Input device and output device
Monday, May 05, 2014 42
Central processing unit
Also known as brain of system ,it is part of
computer that contain the electronic circuitry
that actually process the data
Acting on the instructions it receive ,CPU
perform operation on the data
CPU controls the flow of data through the
system directing the data to enter the system
placing data in memory and retrieving them
when needed ,and directing o/p of information
Monday, May 05, 2014 43
CPU consist of
(1) ALU
(2) control unit
Monday, May 05, 2014 44
Arithmetic logic unit (1) perform
arithmetic calculation and take logical
decision
(2) can do addition subtraction as a
calculator and can also perform some
logical function
Monday, May 05, 2014 45
REGISTERS
A register is a digital circuit use for holding
binary information in a computer.
Registers are made up of flip-flop
To perform any arithmetic and or logic
operation an ALU require certain
temporary locations where data or
information can be stored ,such memory
location built in the ALU are called its
register
Monday, May 05, 2014 46
General purpose register-: are known as
programmable register ,as the user with
the help of instructions may program them
Accumulator-: storing data and performing
operations
Flag registers -: condition code or status
register ,carry ,parity, zero,sign
Monday, May 05, 2014 47
Fetch and execution cycle
Fetch cycle -: program register is loaded
with address of the instruction to be
fetched from the memory
Op code part of the instruction is loaded in
the op register and the address part in the
memory address register
The op-code is decoded to perform which
of the operation are to be performed

Monday, May 05, 2014 48
Execution of each operation need a set of
control signals, which are initiated after
decoding
Program counter is incremented by 1 to get
the address of the next instruction in the
memory
Monday, May 05, 2014 49
EXECUTION CYCLE
Operand is fetched from the memory by
using the address available in the memory
address register
Using this operand and the second
operand available in one of the general-
purpose register ,the basic operation as
per the decoded op code is performed in
the processing unit
Monday, May 05, 2014 50
At the end of execution the next
instruction begin ,thus the fetch and
execution cycle are performed alternate
until the machine comes to halt stage
Monday, May 05, 2014 51
CONTROL UNIT
Control and co ordinate activities of all
other unit of a computer system in
following way
1) get instruction out of the memory unit
2) can de code the instruction
3) sets up routing through the internal
wiring of data to the correct places at the
correct time
Monday, May 05, 2014 52
4) Determine the storage from where it is to get
next instruction after the previous instruction
has been executed
5) It fetches the required instruction from the
main storage via memory data register and
places it in control instruction register, than it
interprets the instructions in CIR and gets it
executed by sending a command signal to the
concerned hardware device
Monday, May 05, 2014 53
Memory data register is a special register
that holds all data and data instruction
temporarily ,as they pass in and out of the
main memory
Control instruction register is also a special
register ,which holds machine instructions
currently being interpreted by control unit
Monday, May 05, 2014 54
MEMORY UNIT
Memory can be of three types
Main memory
Secondary memory
Cache memory


Monday, May 05, 2014 55
Main memory
Memory unit that communicate directly
with CPU ,CPU takes instruction from main
memory
Program and data currently being used
are kept in main memory

Monday, May 05, 2014 56
So main memory
Store data or information or program
before processing
Store intermediate result
Store final result before printing or
sending for permanent storage
Monday, May 05, 2014 57
Main memory is divided into two parts
RAM
ROM
Monday, May 05, 2014 58
INPUT OUTPUT DEVICES
OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION
KEY BOARD
MOUSE
SCANNER
OPTICAL MARK READER
MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER READER
JOYSTICK
Monday, May 05, 2014 59
LIGHT PEN
TOUCH SCREEN
VOICE/SPEECH INPUT
Monday, May 05, 2014 60
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE
FLOPPY DISK
CD ROMS
DIGITAL VERSATILE DISK
HARD DISK
Monday, May 05, 2014 61
OUTPUT DEVICES
DOT MATRIX PRINTER
LASER PRINTER
INK JET PRINTER
DIGITAL PLOTTER