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  • 01 Spinal Cord Injury

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    Nurul Izzah Mat Sundari
    93 vizualizări22 pagini
    This document provides an overview of spinal cord anatomy and injury. It describes the 33 vertebrae that make up the vertebral column and how the spinal cord runs through the vertebral canal. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L2 vertebra and gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The document outlines the protective layers surrounding the spinal cord as well as the anatomy of the spinal cord cross-section and roots of the spinal nerves. It also discusses upper motor neuron lesions versus lower motor neuron lesions and their distinguishing characteristics.

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    spinal cord injury

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    This document provides an overview of spinal cord anatomy and injury. It describes the 33 vertebrae that make up the vertebral column and how the spinal cord runs through the vertebral canal. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L2 vertebra and gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The document outlines the protective layers surrounding the spinal cord as well as the anatomy of the spinal cord cross-section and roots of the spinal nerves. It also discusses upper motor neuron lesions versus lower motor neuron lesions and their distinguishing characteristics.

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PPTX, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    93 vizualizări22 pagini

    01 Spinal Cord Injury

    Încărcat de

    Nurul Izzah Mat Sundari
    This document provides an overview of spinal cord anatomy and injury. It describes the 33 vertebrae that make up the vertebral column and how the spinal cord runs through the vertebral canal. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L2 vertebra and gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The document outlines the protective layers surrounding the spinal cord as well as the anatomy of the spinal cord cross-section and roots of the spinal nerves. It also discusses upper motor neuron lesions versus lower motor neuron lesions and their distinguishing characteristics.

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PPTX, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 22

    Spinal cord injury

    Mohd Hafiz Idlan Bin Radzali


    0910683
    Mr Zamzuri
    outline
    Anatomy
    Pathophysiology
    Diagnosis
    Management
    Complication

    Anatomy
    Spinal vertebrae
    Composed of 33
    vertebrae
    7 cervical
    12 thoracic
    5 lumbar
    5 sacral
    4 coccygeal

    Vertebral columns
    Spinal cord
    Runs through the vertebral canal
    Extends from foramen magnum to
    second lumbar vertebra
    Regions
    Cervical
    Thoracic
    Lumbar
    Sacral
    Coccygeal
    Gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal
    nerves
    All are mixed nerves
    Not uniform in diameter
    Cervical enlargement: supplies
    upper limbs
    Lumbar enlargement: supplies
    lower limbs
    Conus medullaris- tapered inferior
    end
    Ends between L1 and L2
    Cauda equina - origin of spinal
    nerves extending inferiorly from
    conus medullaris.


    Protective layers
    Connective tissue membranes
    Dura mater: outermost layer; continuous with epineurium of the spinal nerves
    Arachnoid mater: thin layer
    Pia mater: bound tightly to surface
    Forms the filum terminale
    anchors spinal cord to coccyx
    Forms the denticulate ligaments that attach the spinal cord to the dura
    Spaces
    Epidural: external to the dura
    Anesthestics injected here
    Fat-fill
    Subdural space: serous fluid
    Subarachnoid: between pia and arachnoid
    Filled with CSF

    Cross section
    Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
    deep clefts partially separating left and right halves
    Gray matter: neuron cell bodies, dendrites, axons
    Divided into horns
    Posterior (dorsal) horn
    Anterior (ventral) horn
    Lateral horn
    Intermediate column
    White matter
    Myelinated axons
    Divided into three columns (funiculi)
    Ventral
    Dorsal
    lateral
    Each of these divided into sensory or motor tracts


    Root of spinal nerves

    Roots
    31 pairs of Spinal nerves arise as rootlets then combine to form dorsal
    and ventral roots
    Dorsal and ventral roots merge laterally and form the spinal nerve

    Ventral(Motor) roots
    Each Joint: typically by 4 spinal nerves

    Hip flexion: L2,L3 extension: L4,L5
    Knee extension: L3,L4 flexion: L5, S1
    Dorsiflexion: L4, L5 plantar flexion: S1,S2
    Inversion: L4 Eversion: L5, S1
    Shoulder Abd: C5 Adduction: C6, C7
    Elbow flexion: C5, C6 Extension: C6, C7
    Wrist: C6, C7 Fingers: C7, C8
    Pronation
    & Supination: C6

    Dorsal(sensory)
    Blood supply
    Anterior spinal artery
    Posterior spinal artery
    Radicular artery
    Internal vertebral
    venous plexus
    Neurological injuries


    UMNL vs LMNL
    UMNL
    Cerebral cortex (pyramidal tract) > Precentral gyrus (motor
    strip) internal capsule (posterior limb) brainstem
    spinal cord
    Interruption of the corticospinal and corticonuclear tract
    along its course
    LMNL
    Anterior horn cells in spinal cordnerve rootsnerve plexus
    peripheral nerves
    Degeneration of the motor neuron & peripheral nerves
    UMNL vs LMNL
    UMNL
    Weakness in all muscle
    group
    Very little muscle wasting
    No fasciculation
    Hypertonia
    Hyperreflexia
    Positive Babinski
    LMNL
    Weakness of individual
    muscles
    Muscle wasting prominent
    feature
    Fasciculation
    Hypotonia
    Hyporeflexia
    Normal or absent babinski

    Thank you

    References
    Apleys System of Orthopaedics and Fractures,
    9
    th
    edition.
    Pocketbook of Ortho and Fractures,McRae, 2
    nd

    Edition
    Netters Concise Ortho Anatomy
    Clinical Anatomy by regions 8
    th
    edition

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