Antioxidants General Dentistry / Orthodontic Courses by Indian Dental Academy

Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
INDIAN DENTAL
ACADEMY
www.indiandntalacademy.com
ANTI OXIDENTS
OBJECTIVE : TO DISCUSS THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF
ANTIOXIDANTS IN PLANTS ( PHYTO CHEMICALS ) & ALSO ABOUT
FLAVONOIDS ( BLACK TEA ) & THEOFLAVINS AS A CHEMO
PREVENTORS TO ORAL CANCER .

CONCLUSION: CANCER IS A CRAB LIKE DISEASE WHERE 17.9
MILLION PERSONS OF THE WORLD ARE SUFFERING FROM DISEASE

THE MOST IMPORTANT PREDISPOSING FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING
CANCER ARE BIDI,CHUTTA,SMOKING KHAINI CHEWING

USE OF ANTIOXIDANTS IS VERY HELPFUL IN PREVENTING MANY
DISEASES LIKE CANCER CARDIAC DISEASE & STROKE & ALSO TO
MAINTAIN GOOD HEALTH IN LEADING DAILY LIFE
oral cavity is exposed to a lot of carcinogen & is more prone to
develop precancerous lesions & condition & also prone to
develop oral cancer & malignancy

Proper supplement of vit-A,E,C retinoic acid selenium lipoic acid
spirulina & all plant antioxidants has tremendous
chemopreventive properties to protect the population from oral
cancer

Dietary substitutes can prevent oral cancer at an very early stage
These are beta carotene, pro vit- A lipoic acid ,zinc selenium &
spirulina

DEFINITION :

ANTIOXIDANTS ARE SUBSTANCES THAT INTERACT WITH FREE
RADICALS & WILLINGLY OFFERS ELECTRONS TO THE FREE
RADICALS TO PREVENT CELLULAR DAMAGE

ANTIOXIDANTS ARE PRODUCTS WHICH ARE DERIEVED FROM
GREEN / COLOURED VEGETABLES / FOOD GRAINS & ALSO FROM
ANIMAL FATS / VITAMINS & SPICES LIKE CUCUMARIN OR GARLIC

IT IS A SUBSTANCE ADDED TO A PRODUCT TO PREVENT OR DELAY
ITS DETERIORATION BY THE OXYGEN IN AIR

FUNCTION OF ANTI OXIDANTS

It is to remove free oxygen radicals from the body & as a result
prevent the cell from cell damage or undergoing any carcinomatous
change

Hydroperoxide may undergo hemolytic fission of covelent bonds to
form more free radicals . Upon hemolytic fission of the
hydroperoxide a free radical chain reaction may again be initiated

Responses & signals during severe oxidative stress cause negetive
effect

This negetive effect cause excess reactive oxygen speecies (ros) &
low antioxidant defence leads to damage to biomolecules like
lipids, DNA,& protiens

Lipid peroxidation cause damage to membrane ion channel ,ion
transporters with raised intracellular calcium
DNA damage cause strand breakage ,base modification
Protien damage cause damage to receptor enzyme

All the above reactions leads to cellular damage with release of more
radicals ,cell death & tissue damage carcinogenesis ,atherosclerosis
& aging

Superoxide anion generated by xanthene oxidase gives rise to singlet
oxygen which subsequently cause lipid peroxidation

Superoxide anion directly effects the activity of catalase&peroxidase
results in a chromosome breakage , rearrangement& with increased
risk of carcinogenesis
Reactive oxygen speecies (ROS) are
superoxide anions
hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl radical
Nitric oxide

Production of ROS from various sources
Tumour cells
Platelets, endothelial cells , fibroblast cells
PMNS, monocytes ,B-lymphocytes , eosinophils
Glucose oxidase, uric acid oxidase

Hydoxyl anion cause DNA strand breakage,base
modification, damage to tumour suppressor gene&
enhance expression of proto oncogenes

FREE RADICAL MEDIATED DISEASES ARE :

Aging , arthritis , asthma, bronchopulmonary
dysplasia,pulmonary fibrosis ,autoimmune diseases &
cancer .

ANTIOXDANT DEFENCE SYSTEM IS CLASSIFIED AS
1) Enzymatic 2) Non enzymatic
i) Nutrient
superoxide dysmutase Alpha tocoferol
glutathione peroxidase beta carotene
catalase ascorbate
glutathione reductase ii) Non nutrient
glutathione transferase ceruloplasmin
transferrin
uric acid


ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS :
spontaneous dismutation of superoxide ion into hydrogen peroxide
by dismutase

Superoxide dismutase is high in tissues where oxygen utilisation is
high
Eg : liver selenium dependant glutathione peroxidase is abundant in
heart brain & lung

NUTRIENT ANTIOXIDANTS :

Act as scavenging agents vit- E,flavanoids

Act as suppressing agents decrease tumour progression &
promotion which decrease metabolic processes
Eg : flavones , phytoestrogens

NON NUTRIENT ANTIOXIDANTS :

They act as inhibitors of carcinogen inhibit
nitosamine formation & prevents progression of
malignancy
Eg: Ascorbic acid , caffeic acid , ferulic acid

They act as blocking agents : blocks the activities of
enzymes which biotransform a procarcinogen to
carcinogen
Eg : iso thiocyanates

MECANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS :

1)VIT-A acts by making WBC ,causing destruction of
harmful bacteria & virus . It regulates the immune
system & helps to fight against infection

2)VIT-A helps to maintain the integrety of skin & mucous
membrane which functions as a barrier to bacteria &
virus

3)Antioxidant scavenge peroxyl radical

4) Antioxidants manufactures & had defence to
connective tissue & eloberate matrix that hold the body
together

ACTIONS OF ANTIOXIDANTS

1) VEGETABLES & FRUITS : VIT C,E,betacarotene selenium &
flavanoids provide defense mechanism for removing or
scavenging free radicals
Eg : cabbage, turnip

2)SPICES : Turmeric were found to reduce urinary mutagens in
smokers & to promote mechanisms that enhance detoxification
Garlic powder has been shown to inhibit cancer development in
different species & at different sites / organs

3) VITAMIN A : retinol is most active & is called preformed vit-A . It
can be converted to retinol & retinoic acid

Darkly coloured pigments called provitamin A & carotenoids that
can be converted to vit A

First sign of vit A deficiency is night blindness .this cause dry
ness of cornea & promotes damage to retina & cornea

4) VITAMIN C : It combats the effect of toxins including
ozone,carbon monoxide & heavy metals

Inhibits development of cataract ,sickle cell anemia bone
disorders & treatment of oral cancer

VITAMIN-C prevents cancer by
a) combats peroxidation of lipids linked with aging &
degeneration


b)Work inside the cell to protect DNA from the damage caused by
free radicals

c) Vit- c blocks the formation of fatal mutagens

5) LIPOIC ACID : Protect liver & detoxify the body from heavy metal
pollutants

lipoic acid reduces the progression of HIV infection to clinical
AIDS

LIPOIC ACID HAS BEEN CALLED THE UNIVERSAL
ANTIOXIDANT( OR) IDEAL ANTIOXIDANT ( WILD CARD
ANTIOXIDANT )

This substitute for other antioxidants such as vit- C,E plays an
important role in controlling blood glucose level
6)SPIRULINA : ALSO CALLED GREEN BLOOD
Spirulina enhances natural cleansing & detoxification

Spirulina contains components like 9 cis isomer had
increased power of antioxidant activity &
anticarcinogenesis .

REFERENCES :

1) Antioxidants Health encyclopedia& reference
2) Antioxidant wikipedia
3) Antioxidant benefits & food high in antioxidant
4) Antioxidant functional food facts
5) The real health risk is not taking antioxidant by
David Ash & Dr lisbeth Ash
ACCORDING TO ANTIOXIDANT WIKIPEDIA :

Antioxidants are a group of vitamins ( vit- c,e,carotinoids)
that slow or prevent the oxidation of other molecules

Antioxidants are a diverse group of chemicals that can be naturally
found in vegetables,fruits & plants

Antioxidants are essential for proper function of immune system .
This is because immune cells prevents free radicals & produce normal
defense mechanism

Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals which start chain
reactions and will damage cells

Too low levels of antioxidants or inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes
causes oxidative stress & may damage or kill cells

oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many
human diseases
Eg: oral cancer, coronary heart disease, neurodegenerative disease

Antioxidants that occur naturally in the body & certain foods may
block the damage by donating electrons to stabilize & neutralize the
harmful effects of the free radicals

If the level of the free radical in the immune cells surpasses beyond
the normal level it negetavely effect the immune system

Imbalance between free radicals & antioxidants in cells due to
deficiency in single or multiple number , antioxidants has been
reported to result in weakness of immune function .
OXIDATIVE CHALLENGE IN BIOLOGY :

Life requires oxygen for its existence . Oxygen is a highly reactive
molecule that damages living organisms by producing reactive
oxygen species (ROS )

Organisms contain a complex network of antioxidant metabolites &
enzymes that work together to prevent oxidative damage to cellular
components such as DNA, protiens & lipids

Antioxidant system either prevent these reactive species from being
formed or remove them before they can damage vital components of
the cell .

ROS produced in the cells include hydrogen peroxide , hypochlorous
acid & free radicals such as hydroxyl ion &
the superoxide ion


Hydroxyl radical is particularly unstable & will react rapidly & non
specifically with most biological molecules

This species is produced from hydrogen peroxide in metal catalyzed
redox reactions such as FENTON reactions

These oxidants can damage cells by starting chemical chain
reactions such as lipid peroxidation or by oxidising DNA/ protiens

Damage to DNA can cause mutations & possibly cancer. If not
reversed by DNA mechanisms damage to protiens cause enzyme
inhibition , denaturation & protien degradation .

The action of one antioxidant may depend on proper function of other
members of antioxdant system

The amount of protection provided by any one antioxidant there fore
depends on its concentration ,its reactivity towards the particular
ROS species

Synergy & balance is vital in antioxidant activity

Vitamin E prevents lipid peroxidation .but in this processes it
becomes oxidised into a damaging tocoperoxyl radical

This process can be reversed by vitamin- c . Vitamin c regenerates
vitamin E & glutathione

Glutathione & vitamin E both requires selenium for this action

Avoid taking single vitamins . Choose a properly formulated balance
of essential antioxidants .

CLASSIFICATION :Antioxidants are classified into 2 broad divisions

1) soluble in water ( hydrophlic) : they react with oxidants in cell
cytoplasm & blood plasma
2) soluble in lipids ( hydrophobic ) : they protect cell membrane from
lipid peroxidation

Antioxidants are synthesised in the body
Dietary antioxidants are vit- A,C,E , phenolic acid
chlorophil,carotinoids ,glutathione ,co-enzyme Q,& lycopene
Synthetic diet antioxidants are
1)Butylated hydroxy anisole ( BHA )
2)Butyl hydroxy tolune ( BHT )

Chemicals with antioxidant activity produced in human body include
uric acid , HDL & aminoacids such as arginine

EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF
ANTIOXIDANTS :

1)CAROTINOIDS :
a) Beta carotene carrots , fruits
b) Leutin spinach , eggs, citrus
c) Lycopene tomato , chillies

2) Isothiocynates :
a) sulforaphane cauliflower , cabbage

3) Sulfides / Thiols : Garlic, onions

4) FLAVANOIDS :

a) Anthocyanidins Berries , cherries
b) Flavanols ( cathechins, epicathecins ) Tea, coca
c) Flavanones citrus foods

5) PHENOLS:

a) Caffeic acid , Ferulic acid Apples , citrus fruits

6) WHOLE GRAINS : Cereal grains

ACTIONS OF ANTIOXIDANTS :

1) By suppressing free radical formation

2)Acts as a scavenger promote immunity

3) Act as a substrate

ANTIOXIDANT BOOST IMMUNE SYSTEM & PLAYS
ROLE IN :

1) Cellular metabolism
2) Signal transduction
3) Gene activation
4 ) Transcription

High density lipo protien (HDL) has inhibitory effect against oxidation
of LDL which is implicated with development of atherosclerosis &
cardiac diseases

HDL prevents endothelial dysfunction & activation .it maintain the
integrity of endothelial cell lining & reduce the deleterious effect of
oxidised LDL & levels of thrombogenic factors

Consumption of antioxidants is thought to provide protection against
oxidative damage & contribute possitive health benefits

ANTIOXIDANTS PREVENTS 3 MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH
1) Cancer
2) Cardiac disease
3) Stroke


USES OF ANTIOXIDANTS :

1) Antioxidants have many industrial uses such as preservatives in
foods & cosmetics

2) Vitamin E prevents the processes of lip[id peroxidation
often by scavenging ROS before they can damage cells

3) Ascorbic acid is a reducing agent & there by neutralize
reactive oxygen species

A NEW ERA OF RESEARCH LEAD BY THE STUDY OF HUMAN
GENOME SUGGESTS THAT THE INTERPLAY OF HUMAN GENETICS
& DIET MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC
DISEASES


In the words of Dr. Watter Willet of Harward university
Until quite recently it was taught that every one in the country gets
enough vitamins through their diet and that taking vitamin
supplements just creates EXPENSIVE URINE .

CONCLUSION : Antioxidants obtained from food sources including
fruits , vegetables& whole grains are potentially active in disease
risk reduction and can be beneficial to human health

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Leader in continuing dental education

Antioxidants General Dentistry / Orthodontic Courses by Indian Dental Academy

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