1 FKEE Norizam 10 May 2014

CHAPTER 6
NOISE
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Chapter 6
Noise Defination
It is a random signal without specific
amplitude.

It may come from various source such as
environment, electrical devices and so on.

It disturb the system performance.
All electrical & electronics systems are
affected by noise.

It often expressed in term of decibel, dB.




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Chapter 6
Noise Defination
1. An undesired disturbance within the frequency
band of interest; the summation of unwanted or
disturbing energy introduced into a communications
system from man-made and natural sources.

2. A disturbance that affects a signal and that may
distort the information carried by the signal.

3. Random variations of one or more
characteristics of any entity such as voltage, current, or
data.

4. A random signal of known statistical properties
of amplitude, distribution, and spectral density.

5. Loosely, any disturbance tending to interfere
with the normal operation of a device or system.

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Chapter 6
Noise - Type of Noise
The are several types of noise, among them are:
1. Thermal Noise
2. White Noise
3. Shot Noise
3. Quantization Noise
4. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

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Chapter 6
Noise - Thermal Noise
In any object with electrical resistance the thermal
fluctuations of the electrons in the object will generate
noise.

The noise generated by thermal agitation of electrons
in a conductor. The noise power, P , in watts, is given
by P = kTB , where k is Boltzmann's constant in joules
per kelvin, T is the conductor temperature in kelvins,
and B is the bandwidth in hertz.



In dB, it is defined as:
N
dBm
= 10log(KTB/0.001)

N = KTB
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Chapter 6
Noise - Thermal Noise
EXAMPLE 1 :
A receiver has a noise power bandwidth of 10 kHz. A resistor
that matches the receiver input impedance is connected
across its antenna terminals. Determine the Noise Power if
the resistor has temperature of 27
o
C.
SOLUTION :
1. Use Noise Power formula


2. N = (1.38 x 10
-23
J/K)(273
o
+ 27
o
K)(10000 Hz)
= 4.14 x 10
-17
W.
3. in dB,
N(dB) = 10log[(4.14 x 10
-17
W) / 0.001] = -133.8


N = KTB
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Chapter 6
Noise - White Noise
It is generated from random motion of molecules that
occurred in any materials that affected by
environments temperature change.


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Chapter 6
Noise - Shot Noise
Shot noise This noise is generated by
current flowing across a P-N junction and is a
function of the bias current and the electron
charge. The impulse of charge q depected as
a single shot event in the time domain can be
Fourier transformed into the frequency
domain as a wideband noise.

The noise caused by random fluctuations in
the motion of charge carriers in a conductor.
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Chapter 6
Noise - Quantization Noise
Noise caused by the error of approximation in
quantization. signal.

error: 1. The difference between a computed,
estimated, or measured value and the true,
specified, or theoretically correct value.
2. A deviation from a correct value caused by
a malfunction in a system or a functional unit. Note:
An example of an error is the occurrence of a wrong
bit caused by an equipment malfunction.

A process in which the continuous range of values
of an analog signal is sampled and divided into
nonoverlapping (but not necessarily equal)
subranges, and a discrete, unique value is assigned
to each subrange. Note: An application of
quantization is its use in pulse-code modulation. If
the sampled signal value falls within a given
subrange, the sample is assigned the corresponding
discrete value for purposes of modulation and
transmission.
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Chapter 6
Noise - Quantization Noise
Example of Quantization Noise
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Chapter 6
Noise - Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
The ratio of the amplitude of the desired signal
to the amplitude of noise signals at a given
point in time.

SNR is expressed as 20 times the logarithm
of the amplitude ratio, or 10 times the
logarithm of the power ratio.

SNR is usually expressed in dB and in terms of
peak values for impulse noise and root-mean-
square values for random noise. In defining or
specifying the SNR, both the signal and noise
should be characterized, e.g., peak-signal-to-
peak-noise ratio, in order to avoid ambiguity.
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Chapter 6
Noise - Bit Error Rate
It occurred in digital communication.

It is a function of the carrier to noise power
ratio (the average energy per bit to noise
power density ratio and the number of
possible encoding conditions used (M-ary).

The carrier power is defined as below:
C
dBm
= 10log(C
watts
/ 0.01).

The carrier to the noise power ratio is:
C/N = C/KTB
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Chapter 6
Noise - Bit Error Rate
The carrier to Noise power in dB is:

C/N (dB) = log (C/N)
= C
dBm
- N
dBm

The enery per bit is simply the energy of a single
bit of information.
It is defined as below:
E
b
= CT
b
(J/bit)
in dBJ,
E
b(dBJ)
= 10 log E
b

Since T
b
= 1/f
b
,

E
b(dBJ)
= 10 log (C/f
b
)


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Chapter 6
Noise - Bit Error Rate
The Noise power density is
N
o
= N/B (W/Hz)

= 10log(N/0.001) log B

Energy per bit to the noise power density is defined
as:
E
b
/ N
o
= C/N x B/f
b

Energy per bit-to-noise power density ratio is
simply the ratio of the energy of a single bit
to the noise power present in 1 Hz of
bandwidth.
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Chapter 6
Noise - Bit Error Rate
EXAMPLE 2:
A QPSK system has the following
specification:
C = 10
-12
W, f
b
= 60 kbps, N = 1.2x10
-14
W
& B = 120 kHz
Determine the following:
(i) Carrier power in dBm
(ii) Noise power in dBm
(iii) Noise power density in dBm
(iv) Energy per bit in dBJ
(v) Carrier to noise power ratio in dB
(vi) E
b
/ N
o
ratio
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Chapter 6
Noise - Bit Error Rate
SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 2:
(i) Carrier power
10log[C/0.001] = 10log[(10
-12
/0.001]
= -90 dB
(ii) Noise power
10log[N/0.001] = 10log[(1.2x10
-14
/0.001]
= -109.2 dB

(iii) Noise power density
N
o
= N/B = 10log[N/0.001] 10logB
= 10log[(1.2x10
-14
/0.001)]-10log(120k)
= -109.2 (50.79)
= -160 dB


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Chapter 6
Noise - Bit Error Rate
SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 2 (Continued):

(iv) Energy per bit in dBJ
E
b(dBJ)
= 10 log (C/f
b
)

= 10log[(10
-12
/ 60 kbps)

= -167.8 dB
(v) Carrier to Noise power ratio in dB
10log[C/N] = C
dBm
- N
dBm
= -90 (-109.2)
= 19.2 dB
(vi) E
b
/ N
o
= 10logE
b
+ 10logN
o
= 19.2 + 10log[(120kHz/60kbps)
= 19.2 + 3.0
= 22.2 dB

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Chapter 6
Noise - Noise Factor & Noise Figure
Noise factor (F)
It simply a ratio of [input signal-to-noise-
power ratio] to [output signal to noise-power
ratio] as shown below:
F = Signal-to-Noise ratio at input of cct
Signal-to-Noise ratio at the output of cct.

Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) = Signal Power / Noise
Power
SNR (dB) = 10log(Ps / Pn)
Noise figure (NF) is the Noise factor stated
in dB.
NF = 10logF
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Chapter 6
Noise - Noise Factor & Noise Figure
Noise factor (F)
It simply a ratio of [input signal-to-noise-
power ratio] to [output signal to noise-power
ratio] as shown below:
F = Signal-to-Noise ratio at input of cct
Signal-to-Noise ratio at the output of cct.

Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) = Signal Power / Noise
Power

Noise figure (NF) is the Noise factor stated
in dB.
NF = 10logF
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Chapter 6
Noise - Noise Factor & Noise Figure
EXAMPLE 3:
The signal power at the input to an amplifier is 100
W and noise power is 1 W. The signal power at the
output of an amplifier is 1 W with noise power of 30
mW. Determine the Noise Figure of the Amplifier.

SOLUTION :
1. SNR at Input of Amplifier = 100 W / 1 W = 100
2. SNR at Output of Amplifier = 1 W / 0.03 W = 33.3
3. The Noise Factor, F = 100 / 33.3 = 3
4. Noise Figure, NF = 10logF = 10log(3) =4.8
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Chapter 6
Noise - Noise Factor & Noise Figure
Noise factor (F) for cascaded Amplifier circuit
F = F
1
+ (F
2
1)/G
1
+ (F
3
1)/G
1
G
2
+ (F
4
1)/G
1
G
2
G
3
+

Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) = Signal Power / Noise Power
EXAMPLE 4:
FOR 3 CASCADED AMPLIFIER STAGES, EACH
WITH NOISE FIGURES OF 3 dB, POWER GAIN
OF 10 dB, DETERMINE THE TOTAL FACTOR &
FIGURE:
NOISE FACTOR :
F
T
= 2 + [(2-1)/10] + [(2-1)/100] = 2.11
NOISE FIGURE :
NF
T
= 10log(2.11) = 3.24 dB
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Chapter 6
Noise - Equivalent Noise Temperature
It is defined as below:

T
e
= T(F 1) or F = 1 + T
e
/ T

EXAMPLE 5:
Determine the Noise Figure where the temperature is 75 K
(reference 290 K) and equivalent noise temperature with noise
figure of 6 dB

SOLUTION :

1. F = 1 + 75/290 = 1.258
2. NF = 10log(1.258) = 1 dB.
3. F = antilog(NF/10) = antilog(6/10) = 4

4. T
e
= T(F-1) = 290(4-1) = 870 K
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Chapter 6
Noise - Noise Figure

FM systems are far better at rejecting noise than AM
systems. Noise generally is spread uniformly across
the spectrum (the so-called white noise, meaning
wide spectrum).

The amplitude of the noise varies randomly at these
frequencies. The change in amplitude can actually
modulate the signal and be picked up in the AM
system.

As a result, AM systems are very sensitive to
random noise. An example might be ignition system
noise in your car. Special filters need to be installed
to keep the interference out of your car radio.

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Chapter 6
Noise - Noise Figure
FM systems are inherently immune to random
noise. In order for the noise to interfere, it
would have to modulate the frequency
somehow. But the noise is distributed uniformly
in frequency and varies mostly in amplitude. As
a result, there is virtually no interference picked
up in the FM receiver.

FM is sometimes called "static free, " referring
to its superior immunity to random noise.

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Chapter 6
Noise - Noise in Digital Communication
BPSK & QPSK Error Performance
The bit error rate for PSK is directly related to the
distance between point on a signal state-space
diagram (constellation or phasor diagram).
In BPSK, the signal poitns (logic 1 & logic 0)
have maximum separation of d for a given power
level, D. For this the noise vector, V
N
combined
with the signal vector, V
s
shifts the phase of the
signaling element, V
SE
.
If the phase shift exceed 90
o
(shifted beyond its
threshold points)

, it will enter the error region.
The threshold points, TP = (/M), M is the number
of signal states.
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Chapter 6
Noise - Noise in Digital Communication
BPSK & QPSK Error Performance
The distance d, is defined as:

d = 2 sin (180
o
/ M) x D
M number of phase

QAM Error Performance
The error distance is defined as:
d = [sqrt (2)/(L-1)]xD,
L is number of level on each axis.
Refer to