Analysis of

Differential Systems
Understanding differentials


Differential Principle
When turning, the inner and outer wheels
have arcs of different turning radii
Consequently, the inner wheels travel less
distance than the outer wheels
An Overview
Because the turning paths of the inner and
outer wheels are different, the wheels on
both axles need to be able to spin
independently of each other
A differential is used to allow the wheels to
spin at different speeds
Different Types of
Differentials



TYPES
1) Open Differential
2) Limited Slip Differential (LSD)
3) Locked Differential(Spool)
4) Active Differential

OPEN DIFFERENTIALS
When moving straight
The housing and its components rotate as
a single unit
Each side gear rotates at the same speed
Power is transferred equally to both
wheels (50% EACH)
Schematic of an Open Differential
The Sun gear and Ring gear are identical
and supply power to the drive axles.





The planetary gears, or spider gears allow the
axles to rotate at different speeds.

Problems faced in Open
Differentials
As a result, if one wheel has little friction there is no
resistance to its rotation and slipping occurs
The slipping wheel will spin twice as fast as the
differential
Left rear tire
slipping on sandy
surface
Limited-Slip Differentials
Provide more driving force to the wheel with
traction when one wheel begins to slip.
Still allow the wheels to rotate at different
speeds when turning a corner
Are sometimes called Posi-Traction, Traction-
Lok and Posi-Units

The LSD is capable of perfect differentiation
The LSD transfers power to the wheels with traction
Torque transferred to
wheel with traction
Torque Transfer in case of
torsion LSD
The torque bias ratio
determines the amount
of torque transferred and
is dependant on the gear
design
5:1 ratio transfers 5 times
the torque to the wheel
with traction
If one wheel loses all
traction no torque is
transferred to the wheel
with traction

Torque transferred to
wheel with traction
Application of Torsen Differentials
Torsen differentials
are used in off-road
and high performance
all-wheel drive
vehicles.
Torsens can also be
handy on icy or dirt
roads
Locked Differentials(Spools)
Very limited
differential action, if
any
Mostly off-road or
race applications
Spools are a 100%
lock-up between both
wheels of an axle all
the time.
A spool is the exact opposite of a differential.
It allows absolutely no speed difference
between left and right wheels. They are
permanently locked together. No matter what
the traction conditions, the engine will always
drive both wheels. This provides an enormous
advantage on difficult terrain. n ice and snow,
the spool and locker are probably the worst
choices for highway driving because if there
is any wheel spin, it is always both wheels
spinning at the same time. That means that
neither of that axle's wheels can help control
the vehicle's direction.
ACTIVE DIFERENTIALS
Relatively new technology
Distribute torque in continuous variable proportions
Fast reaction time
Electronic control unit uses inputs from multiple sensors

Super position stage added to classic differentials
Enable 10% faster rotation than the wheels transmission
shafts.
Shaft is held via clutch activated by electro hydraulic
activators
When clutch engaged, wheel accelerated. Torque
compensated
This ability reduces natural tendency of the vehicle to
under/ over steer
Increases driving pleasure
Made By:- (6-MAE-1)

Himashu Kapoor (A2305411044)
Manish Sharma (A2305411005)
Anmol Verma (A2305411045)
Manthan Kumar(A2305411049)