Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.

Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Presented by :
MR. AMIR B. MOHAMED
CIAST, SHAH ALAM
SELANGOR
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
KEMALANGAN
JALANRAYA
MELIBATKAN
KERETA DAN
LORI KREN
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Kemalangan
Di Pejabat
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
HIGHER COST & LOWER PROFIT
MONEY SPENT FOR ACCIDENT IS NOT LIKE MONEY
SPENT FOR MATERIAL OR WAGES. THERE IS NO
RETURN ON MONEY SPENT FOR ACCIDENT.
RESULTS
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
IMMEDIATE
DEATH
INJURY
PAIN
DISEASE
DAMAGE
LOSS
FEAR
SHORT TERM
MEDICAL TREATMENT
REPAIRS
REPLACEMENTS
LOST PRODUCTION
INCREASED COSTS
DISCIPLINE
LOW MORALE
LONG TERM
SUFFERING
DISABILITY
LOST INCOME
INSURANCE
COMPENSATION
MISTRUST
MISSED TARGETS
PROFITABILITY
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Suffering
Lost of earning
Extra expenses
Effect on family
Continuing disability
Effect on
sport & hobbies
VICTIM AND DEPENDENTS
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Worry
Recrimination
Report, extra work, training new staff
Loss prestige
SUPERVISOR
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Morale
Capacity
to
produce
SECTION OR DEPARTMENT
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Loss of earning
Compensation
Extra insurance
premium
Lost of client
Damage to
the equipment
and materials
Loss in paying
in legal action
Penalty
FIRM OR ORGANISATION
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Loss of
income in
a form of
income tax
Loss of
morale
NATION
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
ACCIDENT COSTS ICEBERG
THE
HIDDEN
UNINSURED
COSTS
(8 36
as much as
insured costs)
INSURED
COSTS (1)
Medical (covering injury, ill health)
Compensation
Building damage
Tool, equipment, material, product damage
Production delays and interruptions
Legal expenses
Expenditure on emergency first aid supplies
Interim equipment rentals
Investigation time/clearing site
Wages paid for time lost
Costs hiring and/or training replacements
Overtime working
Extra supervisor time
Loss of expertise/experience
Decreased output of injured worker upon return
Loss of business and goodwill
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
ACCIDENT RATIO STUDIES
300
29
1
NON-INJURY
MINOR INJURIES
SERIOUS / FATAL
THE HEINRICH
THEORY (USA-1931)
600
30
10
NON-INJURY
PROPERTY DAMAGE
MINOR INJURIES
THE BIRD THEORY
(USA-1969)
1 SERIOUS / FATAL
400
80
50
NON-INJURY / DAMAGE
PROPERTY DAMAGE
MINOR INJURIES
(1 TO 3 DAYS MC)
THE TYE/PEARSON
THEORY (UK-1974/75)
1 SERIOUS / FATAL
3
FIRST-AID INJURIES
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
AN UNPLANNED EVENT WHICH
RESULTS IN UNACCEPTABLE
CONSEQUENCES
AN UNDESIREABLE EVENT WHICH
INTERRUPTS NORMAL ACTIVITY
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
An unexpected, unplanned event in
sequence of events, that occurs
through a combination of causes. It
results in injury or disease
to an individual, damage
to property or equipment,
a near-miss, a loss or any
combination of these effects.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Workers, unions and employees dont
always agree on why accident happen.
Workers may say that the workplace is :
HAZARDOUS * UNSAFE * DANGEROUS * BADLY
ORGANISED
THE WORKPLACE IS TO BLAME.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Employers sometimes say that the
worker is :
CARELESS * RECKLESS * SILLY *
ACCIDENT PRONE
* STUBBORN * INCONSIDERATE *
IGNORANT
THE WORKER IS TO BLAME.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Some accidents may be due to human errors.
But the work environment must recognise that the workers
are human and sometimes make mistakes this must be
acknowledged during workplace design.
Employers can improve the workplace so that stress,
fatigue and poor working conditions do not
cause mistakes.
HAS BLAMING EACH OTHER SOLVED THE
PROBLEM ?
NO, AS CAN BE SEEN FROM THE ACCIDENT
FIGURES.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
DIRECTLY
INVOLVED
Fatigue
Stress
Taking shorts cut
Lack of experience
Lack of training
Lack of concentration
Not wearing
appropriate PPE
Using incorrect tool
Not following work
practices
INDIRECTLY
INVOLVED
Fault with the
original design of a
piece of equipment.
Inappropriate
purchasing decisions.
Behavior of fellow
individuals in the
workplace.
THE HUMAN FACTOR
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Operating without clearance/failure to secure or warn.
Operating or working at unsafe speed.
Making safety devices inoperative.
Using unsafe equipment or equipment unsafely.
Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining, etc.
Taking unsafe position of posture.
Working on moving of dangerous equipment.
Distracting, teasing, abusing, startling,
etc.
UNSAFE ACTS OF PERSON
Failure to use safe attire or personal
protective devices.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Inadequately guarded, guards of improper height, strength, mesh, etc.
Unguarded absence of required guards.
Defective, rough, sharp, slippery, decayed, cracked, etc.
Unsafely designed machines, tools, etc.
Unsafely arranged, poor housekeeping, congestion, blocked exits, etc.
Inadequately lighted, sources of glare, etc.
Inadequately ventilated impure air sources, etc.
Unsafely clothed, no goggles, gloves, masks,
wearing high heels, etc.
UNSAFE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
Unsafe processes, mechanical, chemical,
electrical, nuclear, etc.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
UNSAFE
ACTS/CONDITION
TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION
Improper use equipment Incorrect tool selected for job; tool used in a manner for which it
was not intended; overloading, defeat or removal of safety
devices; use of obviously defective equipment.
Failure to make proper
use of correct protective
clothing/equipment.
Hot metal clothing not worn or left unbuttoned. Incorrect type of
glove/eye protection used. Failure to use safety harness/lifeline.
Failure to secure warn. Failure: to shut off equipment not in use; to place warning signs
etc.; to lock or secure vehicles, switches, valves, ladders,
materials against unexpected motion etc.; to warn others or give
instructions.
Working at unsafe
speed.
Jumping from heights, operating plants at unsafe speed, running,
throwing materials, haste or short cuts taken, horseplaying.
Incorrect posture or
improper use of limbs.
Gripping objects insecurely, taking wrong hold, improper body
position adopted; attempting to lift excessive weight or move
awkward load manually.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
UNSAFE
ACTS/CONDITION
TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION
Inattention To footing or surrounds.
Personal unsafe position Standing/riding/walking in unsafe places. Unnecessary exposure
to moving equipment, or equipment/substances which are hot.
Unsafe placement Of vehicles, materials or equipment (housekeeping).
Hazardous plant/
equipment/materials
Accident caused through equipment or plant/materials which are
rough; sharp; worn; hot; broken; improperly designed;
constructed; assembled or maintained.
Unsafe operational
method
Use of inherently hazardous methods or procedures;
inadequately lifting aids.
Inadequate personal
equipment
Improper of inadequate clothing or equipment provided.
Unsafe precautions on
plants/site equipment
Inadequate guarding, shielding, insulation, earthling, shoring,
labeling.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
UNSAFE
ACTS/CONDITION
TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION
Unsafe storage Improperly stacked or placed equipment/materials; plant/
equipment inadequately secure against movement.
Environment hazards Excessive noise, insufficient space, clearance, ventilation,
lighting; inadequate traffic control; airborne dust; effects of room
temperature.
Unsafe place of work
and unsafe means of
access/egress.
Defective premises, low headroom, slippery floors, improperly
designed or damaged stairs, catwalks, ladder etc.; holes in
floors; house-keeping.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
HEINRICH (1930s)

Emphasis for prevention on unsafe acts/condition.

Approach can lead to blaming the worker when management
system is at faults (prone worker approach).

FIVE FACTORS/STAGES IN THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS;
1. ANCESTRY / SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT.
2. FAULT OF A PERSON
3. UNSAFE ACTS / CONDITION
4. ACCIDENT
5. INJURY
ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIES
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIES
MULTIPLE CAUSATION THEORY

More that one cause to any accident.
The multicauses is equivalent to the
third stage in the Heinrich theory.

Heinrich made reference to
Underlying causes. What were these
cause.

Using 5W, 1H.

Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
THE ACCIDENT HIERARCHY
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
WORK
ACTIVITIES
OPERATING
RULES
ACCIDENTS
VIOLATIONS MISTAKES DIRECT CAUSE
ROOT CAUSE
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
UNSAFE ACTS
OF PERSONS
88%
UNSAFE MECHANICAL OR
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
10%
INEXPLICABLE

2%
MAN FAILURE
Knowledge, Attitude, Fitness, Ability
MANAGEMENT
Through Supervision
Controls
Which Causes or Permits
ACCIDENTS
2% are unpreventable
50% are practically preventable
98% are of a preventable type
Which Cause
THE ACCIDENT STUDIES
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Safety is absence of danger.
Safety is an attitude, a frame of mind.
It is the awareness of ones environment and actions,
all day, everyday. To do this does not require genius, a
PhD, or even a title or rank.
Safety is knowing what is going on; knowing what can
injure anyone or anything; knowing how to prevent that
injury and then acting to prevent it. All it requires is
intelligence and a reasonable amount of native ability
to see, to hear, to smell and to think.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Safety Awareness means ;
being able to recognise unsafe practices and conditions. It
requires following safety procedures.
getting to know all you can about the conditions that
promote safety, including emergency response procedures.
signifies you to willingness to take time to prevent accident.
having the right attitude about safety, both your own and
your coworkers safety.
can help prevent injury, illness and accidental damage to
company property.
being on the lookout for unsafe practices and conditions in
your work area.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Safety Awareness is all about understanding
the need to prevent avoidable accidents and
there are three compelling reasons why every
organisation and every individual MUST
accept accident prevention as vital element of
all activity in the workplace.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
An accident can lead to a change of
lifestyle that can be for an individual
and often for a whole family.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Organisation face loss
absenteeism, higher accident compensation
premium
Hidden cost of accidents
stopped production, spoilage of material, damage
to plant and equipment, replacement of staff,
training & re-training, re-tooling, re-designing
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Social Security payments to
people injured in accidents,
but not adequately covered
by other insurance.

Aid to dependent families
where income falls below
a minimum level.

Payments to legal personnel relating to court
proceedings.

Preparation and issuance of laws standards and
regulations and their administration.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
EMPLOYER
S et OSH policy and committee.
A llocate budget for OSH programmed and activities.
F ulfill the need of OSH Legislation.
E nsure all employees understand the related OSH
programmed and activities.
T raining for OSH commitment.
Y ield analyses the achievement for improvement.
S
A
F
E

T
Y
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
EMPLOYEE
S earch all hazards at workplace.
A ssess the potential risk.
F ind the control measures.
E xercise and make it habit.
T ake part on OSH programmed and activities.
Y ell for commitment.
S
A
F
E
T
Y
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor