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SMART MATERIALS
AND ITS
APPLICATIONS
BY
G.S.RAGHAVENDRA
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Introduction
construction materials and systems

durable
cost effective
high performance

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Smart materials

Smart materials are materials that have the intrinsic
and extrinsic capabilities

firstly to respond to environmental changes and

secondly to activate their functions according to
these changes.

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Smart Structure

Structure that incorporates smart materials

Perform particular functions like sensing,
transmitting and recording of data.


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Components of a Smart Structure
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Control system
monitors the sensors signal
processing the information in order to determine
action required.
If an action is required, then a signal is applied to
the appropriate actuator.
Sensor
To monitor environmental changes
and generate signals proportional to the changing
measured.
Actuator
used to change the properties of the smart structure
in order to achieve the desired response
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Smart structure aims at 5 basic function





Data Acquisition
Data Transmission
Command and control process
Data instructions
Action Device
CONTROL SENSOR
Data
Transmission
Data
Transmission

ACTUATORS
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Classification Of Smart Materials
Piezoelectric

Electrostrictive

Magnetostrictive

Optical fibers

Shape memory alloys
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Piezoelectric Materials
They have two unique properties which are
interrelated.

When a piezoelectric material is deformed, it
gives off a small but measurable electrical
discharge.

Alternately, when an electrical current is
passed through a piezoelectric material it
experiences a significant increase in size
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Illustration of the Piezoelectric Effect
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Advantages
Compact and light weight.
Displacement proportional to applied voltage.
Operate over large temperature range.

Disadvantages
Brittle due to crystalline structure.
Produce small strains compared to SMA and
magnetostrictives.
Cannot withstand high shear and tension.

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Electrostrictive and Magnetostrictive
materials
These are ferromagnetic materials

Experience an elastic strain when subjected to
an electric field and magnetic field respectively.

used in high precision actuation.

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Shape memory alloys (SMA's)
Shape memory alloys are metals, which
exhibit two very unique properties,
pseudo-elasticity, and
shape memory effect.





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SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
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SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
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SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
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Crystal Structures Of SMA
The two phases which occur in shape memory
alloys, are

Martensite and
Austenite
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Martensite
is the relatively soft and easily deformed phase of
shape memory alloys,
which exists at lower temperatures.
It is stable in low energy level having a sheared
version of structure.
Austenite
the stronger phase of shape memory alloys,
occurs at higher temperatures.
It is stable in high energy level with a bcc
structure.
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Pseudo-elasticity
It is stress induced, phase transformation mechanism
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Shape Memory Effect
It is temperature induced, phase transformation
mechanism
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Properties of shape memory Alloys

Repeated absorption of large amount of strain
energy

Usable strain range of 70%

Extraordinary fatigue resistance under large strain
cycle

There great durability and reliability in the long
run

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Structural uses

Active control of structures

Passive control of structures

Smart material tag

Retrofitting

Self healing

prestressing
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Active control of structures
concept of adaptive behavior of smart materials
Test Setup of the Cantilevered Beam with SMA Wire
Actuators, (Baz et al., 1990)
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Passive control of structures
special braces for framed structures

isolation devices for buildings and bridges

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Arrangement of SMA braces in framed model
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The Structure and the SMA Actuators (Shahin et al).
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Smart Material Tag

Used in composite structures

Can be monitored externally throughout the life
of the structure

The internal material conditions like moisture,
voids, cracks may be interpreted via sensing.
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Retrofitting

SMAs can be used as self stressing fibers and
thus they can be applied for retrofitting

SMA tendons are placed into the composite in
non stressed state

Prestressing force is introduced into the system
by providing heating

Treatment can be applied at any time after
hardening of the matrix

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Self-healing

The deformation beyond the first crack can be
fully recovered and cracks can be fully closed.
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Smart prestressing
prestressing concrete using shape memory alloy
tendons

prestressing force in beams can be changed by using
heat activated SMA tendons

Jacking equipment is not needed

it requires an electrical source of heat to trigger the
tendons
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Other Applications Of Smart Materials
Structural Health Monitoring

Monitoring can be done by the use of
piezo transducers, bonded to the surface of the structure
optical fibre composites in retrofitting

local damage detection can be done.
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Smart concrete

Addition of 0.5% of carbon fibers enables the
increase of electrical conductivity of concrete

Addition of load reduces the conductivity of the
concrete, on removing of load concrete regains its
original conductivity

Functions as a traffic sensing recorder when used
as road pavement

Used to lay smart highways to guide self steering
cars which at present follow tracks of buried
magnets
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Substitute for steel?

The fatigue behavior of CuZnAl- SMAs is
comparable with steel

Larger diameter rods manufacture has potential
for use in civil engineering applications

require future investigations
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ACTIVE RAILWAY TRACK SUPPORT
The train will pass the bridge with reduced track deflection
and vibrations and thus velocity could be safely increased
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Active Structural Control Against Wind
Aerodynamic control devices reduces the bi-
directional wind induced vibrations in tall
buildings

Aerodynamic flap system (AFS) is an active
system driven by a feed back control algorithm
based on information obtained from the vibration
sensors
36 ACTIVE AERODYNAMIC CONTROL DEVICE
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Smart building materials remove
pollutants
These are special construction materials and
coatings containing titanium dioxide (TiO2)

They can capture organic and inorganic air
pollutants after they have been exposed to ultra-
violet and/or sun rays.

The degraded polluting substances can then be
washed away by rainwater.
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Flagpole in Dupont court
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Sensor box mounted on flag pole
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Flagpole in Dupont court

102-foot-tall

Outfitted with a specially designed system of
sensors

These sensors provide measurements of the
response of the structure to the wind

Monitoring station on top of Building.

Data from sensors is continuously transmitted to
computers through wireless and wired connections.

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Rion Antirion Bridge,Greece

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The technologies using smart materials are useful
for both new and existing constructions.

Of the many emerging technologies available the
few described here need further research to
evolve the design guidelines of systems.

Codes, standards and practices are of crucial
importance for the further development.
CONCLUSION
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