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RESISTANT
ASSIGNMENT ON
ARCHITECTURE
BY-
SURBAHON RAJKUMAR
(090145)
Q.1.Give historical experience of any city you know that has suffered
earthquake damage in India in the recent times. What
kind of damage is caused to life and property due to improper design of
buildings?
The final death toll in Kutch was 12,290. Bhuj, situated only 20
kilometres from the epicenter, was devastated
Walls survived
due to diaphragm
action from roof.
Cantilever beams
embedded in walls
also helped this.
Note window
openings are also
not
close to corners.
The masonry buildings which performed the best, have the following
features in common:
Window openings were sensibly sized in relation to the total wall length;
Many had cross walls at sensible spacing, although it was unclear whether
they were adequately tied at T and L junctions;
water tanks
Foundations
a) Hard soils such as rock or gravel are the best foundation soils.
b) If building is on unstable soil, increase pile depth into the ground.
c) Construct stepped footings when terrain is sloped.
d) Foundations must have a strong grip with the ground which is usually
achieved by
building knee-high walls along the edge of the building.
e) The foundation must be securely attached to the floor and walls of the
building it is
supporting. This is done by tying rebar from the foundation into the floor and
walls.
f) Increase the depth of foundations into the ground if soil is loose beneath the
surface.
The subgrade below the entire area of the building shall preferably
be of the same type of the soil. Wherever this is not possible, a
suitably located separation or crumple section shall be provided.
Loose fine sand, soft silt and expansive clays should be avoided. If
unavoidable, the building shall rest either on a rigid raft foundation
or on piles taken to a firm stratum.
b) Soil stabilization
Walls
Generally,
cut-stone and concrete blockwork buildings are built with more care
and attention than
rubble
The
masonry buildings which performed the best, have the following features in
common:
Cut-stones were bedded in cement mortar
Roofs were properly fixed to the top of the walls.
Window openings were sensibly sized in relation to the total wall length;
Buildings were symmetrical with no concentrated masses;
Many had cross walls at sensible spacing, although it was unclear whether they
were
Foundations were typically founded at 0.5 to 1.0m depth, probably on firm to
medium dense
Soil liquefaction
Seismic waves
Earthquake Effects
2.5 or less
900,000
2.5 to 5.4
30,000
5.5 to 6.0
6.1 to 6.9
Estimated Number
Each Year
Slight damage to
buildings and other
500
structures.
May cause a lot of
damage in very populated 100
areas.
7.0 to 7.9
Major earthquake.
Serious damage.
8.0 or greater
20
Magnitude
Great
8 or more
Major
7 - 7.9
Strong
6 - 6.9
Moderate
5 - 5.9
Light
4 - 4.9
Minor
3 -3.9
Soil Liquefaction
There are several different kinds of seismic waves, and they all
move in different ways. The two main types of waves are body
waves and surface waves.
Body waves can travel through the earth's inner layers, but surface
waves can only move along the surface of the planet like ripples on
water
BODY WAVES
Traveling through the interior of the earth, body waves arrive before
the surface waves emitted by an earthquake. These waves are of a
higher frequency than surface waves.
P WAVES
The
first kind of body wave is the P wave or primary wave. This is the
fastest kind of seismic wave, and, consequently, the first to 'arrive' at a
seismic station. The P wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like
water or the liquid layers of the earth.
P
S wave is slower than a P wave and can only move through solid rock,
not through any liquid medium
S waves move rock particles up and down, or side-to-side--perpendicular
to the direction that the wave is traveling in (the direction of wave
propagation).
Though they arrive after body waves, it is surface waves that are
almost enitrely responsible for the damage and destruction associated
with earthquakes.
Spiral Stairs
a)The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to low occupant load and
to a building height 9 mt.
b)A spiral stair shall not be less than 150 cm in diameter and shall be
designed to give the adequate headroom.
Staircase Enclosures
The external enclosing walls of the staircase shall be of the brick or the
R.C.C. construction having the fire resistance of not less than two
hours.
The door shall be fitted with the check action door closers.
Permanent vent at the top equal to the 5% of the cross sectional area of the
enclosure and openable sashes at each floor level with area equal to 1 to
15% of the cross sectional area of the enclosure on external shall be
provided.
The roof of the shaft shall be at least 1 mt. above the surrounding roof.
There shall be no glazing or the glass bricks in any internal closing wall of
staircase.
Fire Lift
The lift shall have a floor area of not less than 1.4 sq.mt, It shall have a
loading capacity of not less than 545 kg. (8 persons lift) with automatic
closing doors.
Lights and fans in the elevator having wooden paneling or sheet steel
construction shall be operated on 24-volt supply.
Fire lift
The speed of the fire lift shall be such that it can reach to the top
floor from ground level within one minute
A satisfactory supply of water exclusively for the purpose of fire fighting shall
always be available in the form of underground static storage tank with
capacity specified in Annexure-A with arrangements of replenishment by
town's main or alternative source of supply @ 1000 liters per minute.
The static storage water supply required for the above mentioned purpose
should entirely be accessible to the fire engines of the local fire service.
Building
1. RCC or brick masonry two storied building with or without stilt
depending on the
storm tide levels is considered suitable. Height depends on the storm tide
levels. In
view of general soft top soil in coastal areas, pile foundations may be
preferable.
However, suitable type of foundations should be considered based on
local
conditions and soil strata.
2. Shape: Any shape (circular, hexagonal, octagonal) is suitable. However,
square or
rectangular may be used provided the peripheral corners are rounded for
improving the aerodynamics of the structure.
3. Doors: Should be opened outwards into a box having four heavy duty
stainless
steel hinges fixed firmly to the holding medium.
5. Parapet:
6. For RCC buildings: The height of the RCC parapet over the first floor
roof will
depend upon design storm surge height and may be taken from 0.8m to
1.35 m
5.How is the indian land map divided into different earthquake zones
based on vulnerability and hazards ?what are the structural details
suggested as per IS code to improve the performance of buildings
in the event of an earthquake
The latest version of seismic zoning map of India given in the earthquake
resistant design code of India [IS 1893 (Part 1) 2002] assigns four levels
of seismicity for India in terms of zone factors
Zone 5
Zone 5 covers the areas with the highest risks zone that suffers
earthquakes of intensity MSK IX or greater
MAP SHOWING
SEISMIC ZONES
Zone 4
This zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone and covers areas liable to MSK VIII.
The Indo-Gangetic basin and the capital of the country (Delhi), Jammu and Kashmir fall
in Zone 4. In Maharashtra Patan area (Koyananager) also in zone 4
Zone 3
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of Kashmir, Western Himalayas fall under this
zone
This zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone which is liable to MSK VII. and
also 7.8
Zone 2
This region is liable to MSK VI or less and is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone
The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.10 (maximum horizontal acceleration that can be
experienced by a structure in this zone is 10% of gravitational acceleration) for Zone 2
surge
Strong
Earthquake
Selection
Concept
STORM SURGE
A
surface
The wind causes the water to pile up higher than the ordinary sea
level
Retrofitting objectives:
Concrete or steel jacketing have been a popular retrofit technique until the
advent of composite materials such as Carbon fiber-reinforced
polymer (FRP)
One novel technique includes the use of selective weakening of the beam
and added external post-tensioning to the joint in order to achieve flexural
hinging in the beam, which is more desirable in terms of seismic design
Once the integrity of the hoops is breached, the vertical rebar can
flex outward, stressing the central column of concrete. The concrete
then simply crumbles into small pieces, now unconstrained by the
surrounding rebar. In new construction a greater amount of hooplike structures are used.
One simple retrofit is to surround the column
with a jacket of steel plates formed and welded
into a single cylinder. The space between the
jacket and the column is then filled with
concrete, a process called grouting
J acketed and grouted column on left, unmodified on
right
The two damping techniques studied in this experiment were crossbracing and tuned mass dampers. In this experiment, two large "popsicle
skyscrapers" were built to see the effects of dampers on skyscrapers
when there is an earthquake.
Cross-bracing is not only a technique found in skyscrapers in earthquakeprone areas. This technique is found in many high-rise buildings all over
the world, as it adds structural support to the building.
This is an example of a
"cross-braced" building.
Base Isolation
A fire safety plan is required by all national, state and provincial fire codes based on building use or
occupancy types.
Generally, the owner of the building is responsible for the preparation of a fire safety plan.
Buildings with elaborate emergency systems may require the assistance of a fire protection consultant
Utility services (Including shut-off valves for water, gas and electric)
Access issues
of escape doors
Signage
Fire
alarm systems
Secondary
lighting
Means
Access
Provision
Provision
of fire hydrants, fixed fire fighting installations, and portable fire fighting equipment
Fire
Provision
allow flexibility in future usage all room door sets, corridor fire door sets and partitions
giving
accommodation
Guarding
An
A
Risers
Signs
Signage
is very important in all building to direct the crowd towards nearest exit or help them find their way out
of the building .
Signage
Refuge areas
multi-storey
buildings must be provided with fire enclosures to enable refuge areas to be provided in approved
staircase enclosures
Refuge
areas must be provided with proper communication networks and necessary supplies for fire fighting
agents -There are various systems of fire suppression available - the following types of
extinguishing agents
are
Water
sprinkler system;
Foam
Carbon
Dry
dioxide;
powder;
Halogenated
hydro-carbons
achieve a means of escape standard in accordance with fire safety guidance, the
sealing of any opening will need to be operated by some form of smoke detection.
ANS B)
DESIGN OF FOUNDATION:
# GENERAL PLANNING AND DESIGN ASPECTS
1.Symmetry: The building as a whole
or its various blocks should be kept
symmetrical about both the axes.
Asymmetry leads to torsion during
earthquakes and is dangerous,
Symmetry is also desirable
in the placing and sizing of door and
window openings, as far as possible
8.3.1 Door and window openings in walls reduce their lateral load resistance and hence, should
preferably be small and more centrally located. The guidelines on the size and position of
opening are given in Table 4 and Fig. 7.
Openings in any storey shall preferably have their top at the same level so that a continuous
band could be provided over them, including the lintels throughout the building.
Where openings do not comply with the guidelines of Table 4, they should be strengthened by
providing reinforced concrete or reinforcing the brickwork, as shown in Fig. 8 with high strength
deformed (H.S.D.) bars of 8 mm dia but the quantity of steel shall be increased at the jambs to
comply with 8.4.9, if so required.
If an opening is tall from bottom to almost top of a storey, thus dividing the wall into two
portions, these portions shall be reinforced with horizontal reinforcement of 6 mm diameter bars
at not more than 450 mm intervals, one on inner and one on outer face, properly tied to vertical
steel at jambs, corners or junction of walls, where used.
The use of arches to span over the opening is a source of weakness and shall be avoided.
Otherwise, steel ties should be provided.
ANS:
Epicentre of an earthquake
Seismic waves emanate from this point of rupture, or focus, and are
propagated up to the Earth's surface.
At the surface, the epicentre, located vertically above the focus, is the
point where the earthquake's effects are first felt.
An earthquake can cause damage at considerable distances from its point
of origin, but it is at the epicentre that it is at its most violent.
Scales related to magnitude such as the Richter scale are based on the
characteristics of an earthquake near its epicentre.
In the past, the location of the epicentre was determined afterwards, on the
basis of the amount of damage observed.
Today, several thousand seismic stations scattered across the planet, equipped
with seismometers, record passing seismic waves.
By analysing all this data, it is possible to infer the location of the epicentre and
focus of any earthquake with a magnitude in excess of 4, or even 2.
Firm: Those soils which have an allowable bearing capacity of more than 10 t/m2
Soft: Those soils, which have allowable bearing capacity less than or equal to 10
t/m2.
Buildings can be constructed on firm and soft soils but it will be dangerous to
build them on weak soils. Hence appropriate soil investigations should be carried
out to establish the allowable bearing capacity and nature of soil.
firm soil conditions, any type of footing (individual or strip type) can be used. It should of course have a
firm base of lime or cement concrete with requisite width over which the construction of the footing may start.
It
will be desirable to connect the individual reinforced concrete column footings in Zone A by means of RC
beams just below plinth level intersecting at right angles.
(ii) Soft soil
In
soft soil, it will be desirable to use a plinth band in all walls and where necessary to connect the individual
column footings by means of plinth beams as suggested above. It may be mentioned that continuous
reinforced concrete footings are considered to be most effective from earthquake considerations as well as
to avoid differential settlements under normal vertical loads.
(iii) Very Loose Sands or Sensitive Clays:
These
two types of soils are liable to be destroyed by the earthquake so much as to lose their original
structure and thereby undergo compaction.
This
would result in large unequal settlements and damage the building. If the loose cohesion less soils are
saturated with water they are apt to lose their shear resistance altogether during shaking and become
liquefied.
Although
such soils can be compacted, for small buildings the operation may be too costly and these soils
are better avoided.
For
large building complexes, such as housing developments, new towns, etc., this factor should be
thoroughly investigated and appropriate action taken.
Therefore
a site with sufficient bearing capacity and free from the above defects should be chosen and its
drainage condition improved so that no water accumulates and saturates the ground close to the footing
level.
The major reason for the high frequency and intensity of the earthquakes is
that the Indian plate is driving into Asia at a rate of approximately
47 mm/year.
Gujarat but for the entire country in terms of the damages and the
casualties. As the state
came out of the shock, literally and otherwise, the public learnt for the
first time that the
scale of disaster could have been far lower had the constructions in the
region complied
rebuild the houses, infrastructure and the lives of the affected people, it
gave due priority
Zone 5
Zone
5 covers the areas with the highest risks zone that suffers earthquakes of intensity or
greater.
The
IS code assigns zone factor of 0.36 for Zone 5. Structural designers use this factor for
earthquake resistant design of structures in Zone
It
is referred to as the Very High Damage Risk Zone. The state of Kashmir,the western and
central Himalayas, the North-East Indian region and the Rann of Kutch fall in this zone.
Zone 4
This
zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone and covers areas liable to MSK VIII. The IS
code assigns zone factor of 0.24 for Zone 4.
The
Indo-Gangetic basin and the capital of the country (Delhi), Jammu and Kashmir fall in
Zone 4. In Maharashtra Patan area(Koyananager) also in zone 4.
Zone 3
The
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of Kashmir, Western Himalayas fall under this
zone.
This
zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone which is liable to MSK VII. and also
7.8 The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.16 for Zone 3.
Zone 2
This
The
region is liable to MSK VI or less and is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone.
IS code assigns zone factor of 0.10 (maximum horizontal acceleration that can be
experienced by a structure in this zone is 10% of gravitational acceleration) for Zone 2.
Projecting parts shall be avoided as far as possible. If the projecting parts cannot
be avoided, they shall be properly reinforced and firmly tied to the main structure, and their
design shall be in accordance with
4.3.2
Suspended ceiling shall be avoided as faras possible. Where provided they shall
be light, adequately framed and secured.
4.4
Building Configuration
4.4.0
The building should have a simple rectangular plan and be symmetrical both with
respect to mass and rigidity so that the centre of mass and rigidity of the building coincide
with each other in which case no separation sections other than expansion joints are
necessary. For provision of expansion joints reference may be made to IS 3414 : 1968.
ANS)
A) CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF ELEVATED WATER TANKS
B) design of staircase
THANK YOU.
SUBMITTED BY-
SURBAHON RAJKUMAR
(090145)