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2010
Chapter 10
Personality


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Personality
Pattern of enduring, distinctive
Thoughts
Emotions
Behaviors



. . . that characterize how an individual adapts to the world
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Psychodynamic Perspectives
Emphasize that personality is primarily
unconscious, or beyond awareness

Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory
Sexual Drive (maintaining pleasure within different areas of the body-
not necessarily sex)
Most important human motivator
Main determinant of personality
Hysteria
Physical symptoms that have no physical cause
Hysterical symptoms as overdetermined, or having a
multitude of causes in unconscious

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Structures of Personality
Id
Consists of unconscious drives
Reservoir of sexual energy
Works according to pleasure principle


Ego
Deals with demands of reality
Abides by reality principle


Superego
Evaluates morality of behavior
Reflected in conscience
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Psychosexual Stages
Universal stages of personality development

Erogenous Zones
Parts of body that have especially strong pleasure-
giving qualities at particular stage developmental
stages


Adult personality as determined by way conflicts
resolved between early sources of pleasure and
demands of reality
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Psychosexual Stages
Oral Stage (first 18 months)
Pleasure centers around mouth
Chewing, sucking, biting reduce tension

Anal Stage (18 to 36 months)
Pleasure centers around anus and urethra and their
functions
Toilet training

Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)

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Phallic Stage
Pleasure focuses on genitals
Discovery that self-stimulation is enjoyable
Oedipus Complex
Boys intense desire to replace father and enjoy
affections of mother
Castration Anxiety
Boys intense fear of being mutilated by father

Identifying with father and adopting male gender role
to reduce conflict, as foundation for superego
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Psychosexual Stages
Latency Period (6 years to puberty)
Setting aside all interest in sexuality
No real development, according to Freud


Genital Stage (puberty to adulthood)
Sexual reawakening
Source of sexual pleasure outside family

Fixation
Particular psychosexual stage colors adult personality
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Critics & Revisionists
Sexuality not pervasive force behind personality
Oedipal complex not universal
First five years not as powerful in shaping adult
personality

Ego and conscious thought more dominant
Ego with separate line of development from id
Sociocultural factors more important
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Horneys Sociocultural Approach
Freuds hypotheses lacking support of observable
data

Sociocultural influences on personality development

Both sexes envy attributes of other
Women status bestowed upon men
Men reproductive capabilities of women

Need for security, not sex, as prime motive
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Jungs Analytical Theory
Collective Unconscious
Impersonal, deepest layer of unconscious mind
Shared by all human beings because of ancestral past


Archetypes
Emotionally-laden ideas and images that have rich
and symbolic meaning for all people
Anima & Animus 4 basic levels
Mandala path to individuation
Persona Latin masks
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Adlers Individual Psychology
People motivated by purposes, goals
Perfection, not pleasure, as key motivator

Compensation
Attempt to overcome inferiorities by developing abilities


Style of Life
Each persons unique striving for superiority


Birth order
Could influence success of striving for superiority
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Trait Perspectives
Broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to
characteristic responses
Practical value of personality traits
Connections between personality traits and . . .

Gordon Allport (1897-1967)
Focus on healthy, well-adjusted individuals
Uniqueness of each person and capacity to adapt
Traits
Mental structures that make different situations same
Cardinal (dominate and shape behavior)
Central (general characteristics, reserved, honest, dont dominate but are still
very important in shaping the behaviors)
Secondary (traits shown depending on the environment that you are in)


Criticisms
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Social Cognitive Perspectives
Emphasize . . .
Conscious awareness
beliefs
expectations
goals


Incorporate principles from behaviorism
Explore ability . . .
To reason
To think about past, present, and future
To reflect self
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Banduras Social Cognitive Theory
Reciprocal Determinism
Interaction of behavior, environment, and person/cognitive
factors to create personality


Observational Learning


Personal Control
Internal Locus of Control -
External Locus of Control -

Self-Efficacy
Belief that one can master situation and produce positive
change
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Social Cognitive Perspective
Focuses on interactions of person with environment
Highlights observation of behavior
Emphasizes influence of cognitive processes

Criticisms
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Biological Perspectives
Tie personality to . . .
Animal learning models
Advances in brain imaging
Evolutionary theory


Cautions
Biology can be
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Behavioral Genetics