Gases and their properties

2-12
13, 14, 21, 23
27-30
31-33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43
49, 51, 53, 57, 59, 61
63-65, 67, 69, 71, 75
77, 81, 83, 85, 87, 91
93, 95, 96, 97
104, 108, 110, 115, 116, 117, 121, 123, 129
Gases
Assume shape and volume of container
Highly compressible
Easily diffuse/mix
Liquids
Assume shape of container
Not very compressible
Easily mix
Solids
Keep shape
Incompressible
Diffusion (if any) occurs very slowly
The fundamental difference between states of
matter is the distance between particles. Because
in the solid and liquid states particles are closer
together, we refer to them as condensed phases.
The state of a substance at a
particular temperature and
pressure depends on two
antagonistic entities:
--- kinetic energy of the
particles (proportional to
the temperature of the
system)
--- potential energy
between particles (IM
attractions/repulsions)

Pressure is the amount
of force applied to an
area.
Atmospheric pressure
is the weight of air per
unit area.

P =
F
A

Pascals
1 Pa = 1 N/m
2

Atmospheres
1 atm = 14.7 lb/in
2
(psi) = 101325 Pa
Torr (or mm Hg)
760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 1 atm

Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level.
It is equal to
1.00 atm
760 torr (760 mm Hg)
101.325 kPa
A model that aids in our
understanding of what
happens to gas particles
as environmental
conditions change.
1. Gases consist of large numbers of molecules that
are in continuous, random motion.

2. The combined volume of all the molecules of the
gas is negligible relative to the total volume in
which the gas is contained.

3. Attractive and repulsive forces between gas
molecules are negligible.

4. Energy can be transferred
between molecules during
collisions, but the average
kinetic energy of the
molecules does not change
with time, as long as the
temperature of the gas
remains constant.

5. The average kinetic
energy of the
molecules is
proportional to the
absolute temperature.
What happens to pressure when volume decreases?




What happens when volume increases?
What happens to volume when temperature
increases?



What happens when temperature decreases?
What happens to volume when amount of gas
(moles) increases?



What happens when amount of gas decreases?
Boyle
Charles
Avogadro
The volume of a fixed quantity of gas at constant
temperature is inversely proportional to the
pressure.
PV = constant [when temperature and amount of gas
(moles) stays the same]

As volume decreases, the pressure increases (such
that product = constant)

P
1
V
1
= P
2
V
2




A plot of V versus P
results in a curve.
Since

V = k (1/P)
This means a plot of V
versus 1/P will be a
straight line.
PV = k
The volume of a fixed
amount of gas at constant
pressure is directly
proportional to its absolute
temperature.
A plot of V versus T will be a straight line.
V
T
= k
V/T = constant (or V = kT)

As temperature increases, volume increases.

V
1
/T
1
= V
2
/T
2


The volume of a gas at constant temperature and
pressure is directly proportional to the number of
moles of the gas.
Mathematically, this means V = kn
So far weve seen that:
V 1/P (Boyle)
V T (Charles)
V n (Avogadro)
We can combine these to get:

V

nT
P
The relationship
then becomes


which has the more familiar form:
PV = nRT

nT
P
V
nT
P
V = R
where the constant
of proportionality is
known as R, the gas
constant.

k (Boltzmann constant)
= 1.381 x 10
-23
J/K
Note units!
From the ideal gas law, PV=nRT, remember that







So you can use this general equation in many
instances

nT
PV
R
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
T n
V P
T n
V P

The long cylinder of a bicycle pump has a volume of 1131 cm

3
.
The outlet valve is sealed shut and the pump handle is pushed
down until the volume of the air is 517 cm
3
. What is the resulting
pressure inside the pump?



A scientist studying the properties of hydrogen at low
temperatures takes a volume of 2.50 L hydrogen at atmospheric
pressure and a temperature of 25.00
o
C and cools the gas at
constant pressure to -200.00
o
C. What is the resulting volume of
the gas?



A 5.00 L sample of Argon gas is known to contain 0.965 mol. If the
amount of gas is increased by the addition of 0.835 moles, what
will the new volume be (at an unchanged temperature and
pressure)?


Nitric acid acts on solid copper to give NO
2
and dissolved
copper ions according to the equation:

Cu(s) + 4H
+
(aq) + 2NO
3
-
(aq) 2NO
2
(g) + Cu
2+
(aq) + 2 H
2
O(l)

Suppose that 6.80 g Cu is consumed in excess acid and that the
NO
2
is collected at a pressure of 0.970 atm and a temperature
of 45
o
C. What volume of NO
2
is produced?




answer 5.76L
We can derive the density of a gas, if we divide
both sides of the ideal-gas equation by V and by
RT.


We know that
moles molecular mass (M) = mass
n x M = m




n
V
P
RT
=
Multiplying both sides by the molecular
mass ( ) gives



And since D = m/V (=g/L)
D = PM/RT
Therefore, we can know the density of a gas if we
measure its pressure and temperature.
P
RT
m
V
=
We can manipulate the density equation to
enable us to find the molar mass of an known
gas:
becomes
P
RT
d =
dRT
P
=
The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the
sum of the pressures that each would exert if it were
present alone.

In other words
P
total
= P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
+

For a mixture of gases, we sometimes use a quantity
called the mole fraction, :
X
i
= n
i
/n
total

The relationship between partial pressure, p
i
, and X
i
is:
p
i
= X
i
P
total
When one collects a gas over water, there is water
vapor mixed in with the gas.
To find only the pressure of the desired gas, one must
subtract the vapor pressure of water from the total
pressure.

From Kinetic-Molecular Theory, all molecules have
the same average kinetic energy at the same
temperature (regardless of their mass).
The KE of a molecule is given by mv
2

The avg KE depends upon T(Kelvin)
The avg KE of all molecules in a gas is related to u
rms
The relationship between mass, u
rms
, and T is:
u
rms
=

where



Note: u
rms
has a slightly different value from the
average speed

The spread of one
substance throughout a
space or throughout a
second substance.
The escape of gas
molecules through
a tiny hole into an
evacuated space.

In the real world, the
behavior of gases
conforms to the ideal-
gas equation only at
certain conditions,
such as relatively high
temperature and low
pressure.
The assumptions made in the kinetic-molecular
model break down at high pressure and/or low
temperature.



The ideal-gas equation can be adjusted to take
these deviations from ideal behavior into
account.
The corrected ideal-gas equation is known as
the van der Waals equation.
Whereas ideal gas equation posits


van der Waals accounts for attraction btw molecules
AND finite volume of molecules by

) (V nb) = nRT
n
2
a
V
2

(P +