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  • Reflex: Ginus Partadiredja Department of Physiology

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    AdeLia Nur Fitriana
    163 vizualizări18 pagini
    Reflexes are automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli that involve a reflex arc consisting of sensory receptors, sensory neurons, integrating centers in the spinal cord or brainstem, motor neurons, and effectors. There are two main types of reflexes: somatic spinal reflexes and autonomic reflexes. Somatic spinal reflexes include the monosynaptic stretch reflex and polysynaptic reflexes like the withdrawal reflex. The stretch reflex functions to control muscle length through a reflex arc involving muscle spindles, sensory neurons, motor neurons, and alpha motor neurons. Reflex testing can help diagnose neurological conditions that affect afferent pathways, motor neurons, or descending motor pathways from impairing or altering reflexes.

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    Reflex

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    Reflexes are automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli that involve a reflex arc consisting of sensory receptors, sensory neurons, integrating centers in the spinal cord or brainstem, motor neurons, and effectors. There are two main types of reflexes: somatic spinal reflexes and autonomic reflexes. Somatic spinal reflexes include the monosynaptic stretch reflex and polysynaptic reflexes like the withdrawal reflex. The stretch reflex functions to control muscle length through a reflex arc involving muscle spindles, sensory neurons, motor neurons, and alpha motor neurons. Reflex testing can help diagnose neurological conditions that affect afferent pathways, motor neurons, or descending motor pathways from impairing or altering reflexes.

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    163 vizualizări18 pagini

    Reflex: Ginus Partadiredja Department of Physiology

    Încărcat de

    AdeLia Nur Fitriana
    Reflexes are automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli that involve a reflex arc consisting of sensory receptors, sensory neurons, integrating centers in the spinal cord or brainstem, motor neurons, and effectors. There are two main types of reflexes: somatic spinal reflexes and autonomic reflexes. Somatic spinal reflexes include the monosynaptic stretch reflex and polysynaptic reflexes like the withdrawal reflex. The stretch reflex functions to control muscle length through a reflex arc involving muscle spindles, sensory neurons, motor neurons, and alpha motor neurons. Reflex testing can help diagnose neurological conditions that affect afferent pathways, motor neurons, or descending motor pathways from impairing or altering reflexes.

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    din 18

    REFLEX

    Ginus Partadiredja
    Department of Physiology
    REFLEX: A Fast, automatic, predictable involuntary response
    to a particular stimulus

    REFLEX: - Inborn (pulling hand away from a hot surface)
    - Acquired (Driving expertise)

    REFLEX: 1. Somatic (skeletal muscle)
    2. Autonomic (glands, cardiac & smooth muscle)

    REFLEX: 1. Spinal reflex
    2. Cranial reflex

    REFLEX ARC COMPONENTS:
    Sensory receptor Sensory/ afferent neuron Integrating
    center Motor/ Efferent neuron Effector
    REFLEX: 1. Monosynaptic reflex (e.g. stretch reflex)
    2. Polysynaptic reflex (e.g. withdrawal reflex)
    SOMATIC SPINAL REFLEXES

    1. Stretch reflex
    2. Tendon reflex
    3. Flexor (withdrawal reflex)
    4. Crossed extensor reflex

    1. STRETCH (MYOTATIC) REFLEX

    - Control muscle length muscle contraction response
    - Monosynaptic reflex
    - Tapping tendons at the elbow (biceps & triceps reflexes),
    wrist, knee (knee jerk/ patellar reflex), ankle (Achilles
    reflex)
    Biceps reflex



    Triceps reflex
    Patellar
    reflex
    Achilles reflex

    PATELLAR REFLEX: Tendon Muscle spindle Ia afferent
    neuron Spinal cord motor neuron excited
    - Monosynaptic, ipsilateral reflex
    - Reciprocal innervation polysynaptic antagonistic muscle
    inhibited
    MUSCLES:
    1. Extrafusal
    2. Intrafusal (muscle spindle) fibres

    MUSCLE SPINDLE:
    1. Nuclear bag fibre
    2. Nuclear chain fibre

    SENSORY NEURONS:
    1. Nuclear bag fibre Ia afferent fibres
    2. Nuclear chain fibre Ia and II afferent fibres

    MOTOR NEURONS:
    1. Extrafusal fibres Alpha motor neuron
    2. Intrafusal fibres Gamma motor neuron
    Nuclear bag fibres dynamic stretch reflex stretch
    Nuclear chain fibres static stretch reflex reflex

    GAMMA MOTOR NEURON:
    - Regulated by the brain, voluntary
    - Smooth out the movement during muscle contractions
    - Preventing jerky movements
    - Alpha & gamma motor neurons are stimulated
    simultaneously
    2. TENDON REFLEX

    - Control muscle tension
    muscle relaxation response
    - Polysynaptic, ipsilateral
    - Golgi tendon organs Ib
    afferent neuron Spinal cord

    a.Inhibitory interneuron Motor
    neuron inhibited/ muscle relaxes
    b.Excitatory interneuron Motor
    neuron excited/ antagonistic
    muscle contracts
    3. FLEXOR REFLEX
    - Withdrawal reflex
    - Polysynaptic, ipsilateral, intersegmental
    - Pain receptor Sensory neuron Integrating center
    Interneuron Motor neuron Ipsilateral flexor muscles
    - Reciprocal innervation extensor muscles
    WITHDRAWAL
    REFLEX:

    - Polysynaptic

    - Ipsilateral

    - Intersegmental
    4. CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX

    - Polysynaptic, contralateral,
    intersegmental

    - Contralateral reflex arc

    - Pain receptor Sensory neuron
    Integrating center
    Interneuron Motor neuron
    Contralateral extensor muscles

    - Reciprocal innervation Flexor
    muscles
    DIAGNOSTICS

    1. Muscle tone
    - Poliomyelitis hypotonia/ atonia
    - Stroke hypertonia
    - Muscle spasm (broken bone, peritonitis), cramps

    2. Reflex
    - Afferent fibers/ lower motor neuron lesions (e.g. poliomyelitis,
    diabetes, syphilis) hyporeflexia
    - Descending motor pathways from the brain (e.g. stroke)
    hyperreflexia
    - Mass reflex
    3. Patellar reflex
    Diabetes mellitus, neurosyphilis decrease/ absent
    Motor tracts descending from the brain disorders
    increase/ hyperreflexia

    4. Achilles reflex
    Diabetes mellitus, neurosyphilis, alcoholism,
    subarachnoid hemorrhages decrease/ absent
    Cervical cord compression, motor tracts lesion
    increase

    5. Abdominal reflex
    6. Pupillary light reflex (autonomic reflex) brain injury
    indicator
    7. Babinski sign
    References
    Carola R, Harley JP, Noback, CR (1990).
    Human Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter 12,
    Pages: 346-450.
    Ganong WF (2005). Review of Medical
    Physiology, 22
    nd
    ed. Chapter 6, Pages: 129-
    137.
    Guyton AC & Hall JE (2006). Textbook of
    Medical Physiology, 11
    th
    ed. Chapter 54,
    Pages: 673-684.
    Tortora GJ & Derrickson B (2006). Principles
    of Anatomy and Physiology, 11
    th
    ed. Chapter
    13, Pages: 460-467.

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