Nervii cranieni

12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves

Part of the Peripheral Nervous System
Originate from the brain, not the spinal cord
Bundles of nerves: sensory and/or
motor(somatic or parasympathetic)
Ipsilateral innervation
Name includes:
Number
Word
4 Classification - Cranial Nerves
1. Sensory nerves:
carry somatic sensory information:
touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain
2. Special sensory nerves:
carry sensations:
smell, sight, hearing, balance
3. Motor nerves:
axons of somatic motor neurons
4. Mixed nerves:
mixture of motor and sensory fibers
Summary: Cranial Nerves
Summary: Cranial Nerves
CN I
CN III
CN V
CN VII
CN IX
CN XI
CN II
CN IV
CN VI
CN VIII
CN X
CN XII
Nerv olfactiv
Primary function- special sensory
(smell)
Origin receptors of olfactory epithelium
Pathway - olfactory foramina in
cribriform plate of ethmoid
Destination - olfactory bulbs
Smell
Apply odors to each nostril
Traumatic anosmia loss of sense of
smell

Structures
Olfactory bulbs:located on either
side of crista galli
Olfactory tracts: axons of
postsynaptic neurons, leading to
cerebrum
Nerv optic
Vision
Visual acuity
Map field of vision
Optic chiasm
Sensory only: vision
Runs from the retina to the optic chiasm to the thalamus

Nerv optic
Primary function:
special sensory (vision)
Origin:
retina of eye
Pathway:
optic canals of sphenoid
Destination:
diencephalon via optic chiasm
Structures
Optic chiasm: where sensory fibers converge , and cross to opposite
side of brain
Optic tracts: reorganized axons, leading to lateral geniculate nuclei
Nerv oculomotor
Primary function:
motor (eye movements)
Origin:
mesencephalon
Pathway:
superior orbital fissures of sphenoid

Destination:
somatic motor:
superior, inferior, and medial rectus
muscles
inferior oblique muscle
levator palpebrae superioris muscle
visceral motor:
intrinsic eye muscles
Problems: diplopia; uneven eyes

Nerv oculomotor
Structures
Oculomotor nerve: controls 4 of 6 eye-movement muscles,
delivers autonomic fibers to ciliary ganglion
Ciliary ganglion: controls intrinsic muscles of iris and lens
Nerv oculomotor
Disorders can result in
eye paralysis, diplopia
or ptosis.
Nerv trohlear
Primary function:
motor (eye movements)
Origin:
mesencephalon
Pathway:
superior orbital fissure of
sphenoid
Destination:
superior oblique muscle
Nervul trigemen
Primary function:
mixed (sensory and motor) to face
Origins:
ophthalmic branch (sensory):
orbital structures
nasal cavity
skin of forehead, upper eyelid, and eyebrow
part of nose
maxillary branch (sensory):
lower eyelid
upper lip, gums, and teeth
cheek and nose
palate and part of pharynx
mandibular branch (sensory):
lower gums, teeth, and lips
palate and part of tongue
mandibular branch (motor):
motor nuclei of pons


Nervul trigemen
Pathways:
ophthalmic branch:
superior orbital fissure
maxillary branch:
foramen rotundum
mandibular branch:
foramen ovale
Destinations:
sensory nerves: sensory nuclei-pons
motor nerves of mandibular branch:
muscles of mastication
Trigeminal nerves:
largest cranial nerves
with 3 major branches
Semilunar ganglion:
contains cell bodies of sensory neurons


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Nervul trigemen
Three Branches
V1 Ophthalmic division:
sensory
V2 Maxillary: sensory
V3 Mandibular:
Sensory for the face
Motor (somatic)
nerves for chewing

Originates in the pons
17
Nervul trigemen
Medical Example: Trigeminal Neuralgia
AKA:Tic Douloureux
It is characterized by sudden attacks of pain
that are typically brief, lasting only seconds to
two minutes.
These attacks are severe and described as
intense, stabbing or electrical shock-like.
Nervul abducens
Primary function:
motor (eye movements)
Origin:
pons
Pathway:
superior orbital fissures of sphenoid
Destination:
lateral rectus muscle
Nervul facial
Primary function:
mixed (sensory and motor) to
face
Origins:
sensory: taste receptors on
anterior 2/3 of tongue
motor: motor nuclei of pons
Pathway:
internal acoustic canals to facial canals (stylomastoid
foramina)
Destinations:
sensory: sensory nuclei of pons
somatic motor: muscles of facial expression
visceral motor: tear and nasal mucous glands, submandibular and
sublingual salivary glands
Originates in the pons
Structures
Facial nerve branches:
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical branches
Geniculate ganglia:
hold cell bodies of sensory
neurons
Pterygopalatine ganglia:
postganglionic fibers
innervate glands (lacrimal,
nasal cavity, and pharynx)
Submandibular ganglia:
innervate salivary glands


Medical Example: Facial Nerve Palsy
AKA: Bells Palsy
Causes paralysis of facial
muscles which leads to
tearing and drooling.
Loss of taste on one side
of tongue.
Nervul glosofaringian


Primary function:
mixed (sensory and motor) to head and neck
Origins:
sensory:
posterior 1/3 of tongue
part of pharynx and palate
carotid arteries
motor:
motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
Pathway:
jugular foramina between occipital and temporal bones

Figure 1424
Nervul vestibulocohlear
Primary function: special sensory
vestibular branch:
balance and equilibrium
cochlear branch:
hearing
Origin:
receptors of inner ear
internal acoustic canals of temporal bones
Destination:
vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata
Structures
Vestibular branch:originates at receptors of vestibule (balance),
connects to vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata
Cochlear branch:originates at sensors of cochlea (hearing),
connects with cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata
Nervul vestibulocohlear
Nervul glosofaringian
Destinations:
sensory:
sensory nuclei of medulla oblongata
somatic motor:
nerves involved in swallowing
visceral motor:
parotid salivary gland
Structures
Superior and inferior ganglion:
sensory neurons of tongue and pharynx
Otic ganglion:
synapse visceral motor fibers
Nervul vag
Primary function:
mixed (sensory and motor)
of thorax and abdomen
Origins:
sensory:
part of pharynx
auricle and external acoustic canal
diaphragm
visceral organs of thoracic, and
abdominopelvic cavities
motor:
motor nuclei in medulla oblongata
Pathway:
jugular foramina
between occipital and temporal bones

Originates in the medulla
Nervul vag
Destinations:
sensory:
sensory nuclei and autonomic
centers of medulla oblongata
visceral motor:
palate, pharynx
digestive, respiratory, and
cardiovascular systems in thoracic
and abdominal cavities
Structures
Vagus nerves:branch and radiate
extensively
Jugular ganglion and inferior nodose
ganglion: hold sensory neurons

Nervul accesor
Primary function:
motor to muscles of neck and upper back
Origin:
motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla
oblongata
Pathway:
jugular foramina between occipital and
temporal bones
Destinations:
internal branch:
voluntary muscles of palate, pharynx,
and larynx
external branch:
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
muscles

Structures
Spinal root: motor fibers that
originate in anterior gray horns
of first 5 cervical segments of
spinal cord
Cranial root: motor fibers that
originate in medulla oblongata
Internal branch:joins the vagus
nerve
External branch:controls
muscles of neck and back

Nervul accesor
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Medical Example: Accessory Nerve Palsy
Spinal accessory nerve injury can cause drooping
shoulder, muscle atrophy, limited elevation of
shoulder, and winged scapula
Nervul hipoglos
Primary function:
motor (tongue movements)
Origin:
motor nuclei of medulla
oblongata
Pathway:
hypoglossal canals of
occipital bone
Destination:
muscles of tongue
during speech and
swallowing

Originates in the medulla
34
Nervul hipoglos
Injury deviates
tongue to
injured side
when
protruded.
Reflexe craniene
Monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs
Involve sensory and motor fibers of cranial
nerves
Clinically useful to check cranial nervous
system
Examples of Cranial Reflexes
The End