Learning

ANDROID
Programming


Basics Of OOPs
Familiarity With
Core Java
The Prerequisite
What is Android ?


As per Google:
Android is a software stack for mobile devices
that includes an operating system, middleware
and key applications.


The Android Architecture
Why Is Android So Popular?
There are 6 reasons behind it:

1. OpenSource
(http://source.android.com/source)
2. Robustness
3. Googles Support
4. Hardware Performance Boost
5. Reduced Fragmentation
6. Above all. . .Its FREE!

History Of Android
Android, Inc. was founded in California ,
United States in October, 2003 by Andy Rubin
to develop smarter mobile devices.
On August , 2005 GOOGLE acquired Android
Inc. making Android Inc. a wholly owned
subsidiary of Google Inc. and made Andy, CTO
of its mobile operations
Andy Rubins (Senior V.P.,
Google)

History Of Android
At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile
device platform powered by the Linux kernel
In 2007, the Open Handset Alliance a consortium of
several companies which included Google, HTC,
Intel,LG,Motorola , Samsung, T-Mobile etc was
announced.
The goal of the Open Handset Alliance is to develop
open standards for mobile devices.
In 2008, 14 new members joined, including Sony
Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group.
As of today OHA is group of 86 companies.


Andy Rubins now replaced by Sundar
Pichai (an IITian)as Android chief
Versions Of Android
Platform Codename
Android 1.5 CupCake


Android 1.6 Donut


Android 2.1 Eclair

Android 2.2 Froyo
Versions Of Android
Platform Codename

Android 2.3.0
To Gingerbread
Android 2.3.7

Android 3.0
To HoneyComb
Android 3.2

Android 4.0
To Ice Cream Sandwich
Android 4.0.3

Android 4.1/4.2 Jelly Bean
Versions Of Android

Androids Mkt Share
* Latest android is kitkat.

Android has captured a market share of 59% and is
the topmost smartphone
iOS of Apple is at second position with 23%
Blackberry holds third spot with 12%
Windows phone holds 6%




Operating
System
1Q13
Shipment
Volume
1Q13
Market
Share
1Q12
Shipment
Volume
1Q12
Market
Share
Year over
Year Change
Android 162.1 75.0% 90.3 59.1% 79.5%
iOS 37.4 17.3% 35.1 23.0% 6.6%
Windows Phone 7.0 3.2% 3.0 2.0% 133.3%
BlackBerry OS 6.3 2.9% 9.7 6.4% -35.1%
Linux 2.1 1.0% 3.6 2.4% -41.7%
Symbian 1.2 0.6% 10.4 6.8% -88.5%
Others 0.1 0.0% 0.6 0.4% -83.3%
Total 216.2 100.0% 152.7 100.0% 41.6%
Top Five Smartphone Operating Systems, Shipments, and Market Share,
1Q 2013 (Units in Millions)


The Android Mascot

Android Devices
Android devices come in all shapes and sizes.
The Android OS can be seen powering the
following types of devices:
Smartphones
Tablets
E-reader devices
Netbooks
MP4 players
Internet TVs
What is Android Market ?

Android Market(now called Google Play) is
an online software store developed
by Google for devices running
the Android operating system. It can be
accessed via an application program called
"Market", preinstalled on most Android
devices, which allows users to browse and
download mobile apps published by third-
party developers.
Monetary Benefits
Developers may sell applications on the
Android Market
Application developers receive 70% of the
application price
The remaining 30% is distributed among
carriers and payment processors.
Google itself does not take a percentage.
Android Architecture

Linux Kernel
Android is built on the Linux kernel, but Android is not Linux
Provide core system services such as process, memory, power
management, network stack, driver model and security
Does not include the full set of standard Linux utilities
The Android kernel source is available today
http://git.android.com

Native Libraries
Bionic Libc
Function Libraries
Other Libraries
Bionic Libc
C/C++ library(BSD License)

Custom libc implementation, optimized for embedded use.

Small size and fast code paths

Designed for CPUs at relatively low clock frequencies
Function Libraries
WebKit
Based on open source WebKit browser
Full CSS, Javascript, DOM, AJAX support
Media Framework
Based on PacketVideo OpenCORE platform
Supports standard video, audio, still-frame formats
SOLite
Light-weight transactional data store
Back end for most platform data storage
Android Runtime
Application Developed language : Java
Dalvik Virtual Machine
Instruction set : Dalvik Excutable
Java Standard Library
Compile java code to Dalvik Executable (dex format)
Application Framework
Written in JAVA programming language
Activity manager
Manage the life cycle of applications
Content Provider
Share data between applications
Resource Manager
Manager non-code resource
Notification Manager
Display custom alerts in the status bar
Applications
Use the powerful and flexible application framework to
develop your application
Written in JAVA programming language
Android Architecture
Explained

The architectural diagram shows that the Android
platform can be broken down into 4 sections:
Operating system
Middleware libraries
Application framework
Applications


Architecture Details
Operating System: At the very bottom of the
Android stack is the operating system. Android's
OS is Linux based and performs tasks similar to a
desktop computer OS. This includes:
1.Interfacing with the hardware through a set of
device drivers (such as audio or video drivers)
2. processing user input
3.managing application processes, handling file and
network I/O, and so forth
Architecture Details
Middleware Libraries: The middleware
includes libraries for many functions (data
storage, graphics rendering, web browsing,
and so on) and it also contains a special sub-
section called the Dalvik runtime.
This is Android's special non standard
JavaVirtual Machine (JVM) and its core Java
application libraries
Architecture Details
Application Framework: A framework,
as we know is a set of basic tools which help a
developer to build more complex tools. The
developers can access all framework APIs and
manage phones basic functions like resource
allocation, switching between processes or
programs, telephone applications, and
keeping track of the phones physical location.

Architecture Details
Applications: There are 4 different types of
applications available on most Android
devices:
core open source applications that are included as part
of Android itself, such as the Browser, Camera, Gallery,
Music,Phone
proprietary Google apps that are not open source
which are included with most official builds, including:
Market, Gmail, Maps, YouTube and more

Architecture Details


handset manufacturer specific applications that are included
on specific builds (such as AT&Ts own music player, Verizon's
own Navigator, or Sprint's TV)
third party applications that are available in the Android
Market


Android Development Process
.
.java files
.class files
.dex
(Dalvik
executables)
XML
file,Image
files
.apk file
(Android
package)
java
compiler
dx
tool
aap(android
asset
packaging)
tool
Android Dev. Process

Android applications are primary written in the
Java programming language.
The Java source files are converted to Java class
files by the Java compiler.
Android provides a tool dx which converts Java
class files into a dex (Dalvik Executable) file. All
class files of one application are placed in one
compressed .dex file.



Android Development
Process




The .dex file and the resources of an Android
project, e.g. the images and XML files are
packed into an .apk(Android Package) file.
The resulting .apk file contains all necessary
data to run the Android application and can be
deployed to an Android device