Module 1 Examples

CS 546
Outline
One-to-one functions
Limits
Continuous functions
Derivatives
Differentials
definition: one-to-one function
example
1
0
-1
-2
2
0
1
4
A B
Both 1 and -1 map to 1 and both 2 and -2 map to 4. Since some elements in A map to the same
element in B, this is not a one-to-one function
horizontal line test
one-to-one not one-to-one
1
1
2
3
example
1 2
example
example
Every customer should have a unique Social Security number. No customer
should have more than one Social Security number.
In this case, it is possible that more than one item in the department store has the
same price.
recipe for proving a
function is one-to-one
example
recipe for finding the limit of
a fraction as the variable
approaches infinity
example
) (x f
x
Step 1: The highest power
polynomial is in the denominator.

Step 2: Since the highest power
polynomial is in the denominator the
limit is equal to 0.
As x approaches infinity, f(x)
get closer and closer to 0.
example
) (x f
x
Step 1: The highest polynomial is in the
denominator.

Step 2: Since the highest polynomial is in the
denominator, the limit is equal to 0.
As x approaches infinity, f(x) gets
closer and closer to 0.
example
) (x f
x
Step 1: The highest polynomial is located
both in the numerator and the
denominator.

Step 2: Since the highest polynomial is
located in the numerator and the
denominator, we take the ratio of the
polynomials = 2x
3
/x
3
= 2.
As x approaches infinity, f(x) gets closer and closer to 2.
example
) (x f
x
Step 1: The highest polynomial is in the
numerator.

Step 2: Since the highest polynomial is in
the numerator, the limit is infinity.
From the plot
we see that as
x increases,
f(x)
approaches
inifinity.
definition : continuous
(at a point)
) (
0
x f
x
) (x f
x x A +
0 0
x
) (
0
x x f A +
) ( ) (
0 0
x f x x f A +
x A
) ( ) ( lim
0 0 0
x f x x f
x
A +
A
On the y axis we show 2 points, f(x
0
) and
f(x
0
+x). On the x axis we show 2 points, x
0
and
x
0
+x. The function f(x) is defined as
continuous if as x gets smaller, f(x
0
+x) f(x
0
)
approaches 0
) (
0
x f
x
) (x f
0
x
1
x A
) ( ) (
0 0
x f x x f A +
) ( ) ( lim
0 0 0
x f x x f
x
A +
A
) (
0
x f
x
) (x f
0
x
2
x A
) ( ) (
0 0
x f x x f A +
) ( ) ( lim
0 0 0
x f x x f
x
A +
A
As we continue to decrease
x, f(x
0
+x) f(x
0
) gets
closer to 0.
) (
0
x f
x
) (x f
0
x
3
x A
) ( ) (
0 0
x f x x f A +
) ( ) ( lim
0 0 0
x f x x f
x
A +
A
As we continue to decrease
x, f(x
0
+x) f(x
0
) gets
closer to 0.
) (
0
x f
x
) (x f
0
x
4
x A
) ( ) (
0 0
x f x x f A +
) ( ) ( lim
0 0 0
x f x x f
x
A +
A
As we continue to decrease
x, f(x
0
+x) f(x
0
) gets
closer to 0.
) (
0
x f
x
) (x f
0
x
5
x A
) ( ) (
0 0
x f x x f A +
) ( ) ( lim
0 0 0
x f x x f
x
A +
A
As we continue to decrease
x, f(x
0
+x) f(x
0
) gets
closer to 0.
) (
0
x f
x
) (x f
0
x
6
x A
) ( ) (
0 0
x f x x f A +
) ( ) ( lim
0 0 0
x f x x f
x
A +
A
As we continue to decrease
x, f(x
0
+x) f(x
0
) gets
closer to 0.
) (
0
x f
x
) (x f
0
x
7
x A
) ( ) (
0 0
x f x x f A +
) ( ) ( lim
0 0 0
x f x x f
x
A +
A
As we continue to decrease
x, f(x
0
+x) f(x
0
) gets
closer to 0.
) (
0
x f
x
) (x f
0
x
8
x A
) ( ) (
0 0
x f x x f A +
) ( ) ( lim
0 0 0
x f x x f
x
A +
A
As we continue to decrease
x, f(x
0
+x) f(x
0
) gets
closer to 0.
) (
0
x f
x
) (x f
0
x
9
) ( ) ( lim
0 0 0
x f x x f
x
A +
A
0 =
x A
) ( ) (
0 0
x f x x f A +
As we continue to decrease
x, f(x
0
+x) f(x
0
) gets
closer to 0.
example
) ( ) ( lim
0 0 0
x f x x f
x
A +
A
) 0 ( ) 0 ( lim
0
f x f
x
A +
A
x A
0 ) ( lim
0
A
A
x f
x
0 =
example
) ( ) ( lim
0 0 0
x f x x f
x
A +
A
) 0 ( ) 0 ( lim
0
f x f
x
A +
A
x A
1 ) ( lim
0
A
A
x f
x
0 =
example
1 = x
continuity check
definition: continuous function
(contd)
recipe for determining if a
function is continuous
recipe for proving a
function is continuous
example
example
example
rules of differentiation

(derivative of a sum)

example
2
) ( x x x f + =
x
) (x f
x x g = ) (
2
) ( x x h =
), ( ) ( ) ( x h x g x f + =
example
x
) (x f
1 ) ( ' = x g
x x h 2 ) ( ' =
) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' x h x g x f + =
x x f 2 1 ) ( ' + =
2
) ( x x x f + =
x x g = ) (
2
) ( x x h =
), ( ) ( ) ( x h x g x f + =
rules of differentiation

(derivative involving a constant)

example
x x f 2 ) ( =
x
) (x f
x x g = ) (
), ( ) ( x g c x f =
2 = c
2 ) 1 ( 2 ) ( ' = = x f
1 ) ( ' = x g
rules of differentiation

(derivative of a product)

example
2
) ( x x f =
x
) (x f
x x g = ) (
x x h = ) (
), ( ) ( ) ( x h x g x f =
1 ) ( ' = x g
1 ) ( ' = x h
x x x x x x f 2 1 1 ) ( ' = + = + =
) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ' x h x g x h x g x f + =
example
( ) 1 2 ) (
2
+ = x x x f
x x g 2 ) ( ' =
2 ) ( ' = x h
2
) ( x x g =
1 2 ) ( + = x x h
), ( ) ( ) ( x h x g x f =
( ) x x x x x x x x x f 2 6 2 2 4 2 1 2 2 ) ( '
2 2 2 2
+ = + + = + + =
) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ' x h x g x h x g x f + =
n
1 n
rules of differentiation

(derivative of a power)

x x f = ) (
n
n
'
) ( ' x g
c

) (x g
c

x x f = 2 ) (
example
5
2 ) ( x x f =
5 1 5
4
x x f = 2 ) (
5
5
'
5
4
10x =
example
f(x) = 3x
4
+ x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 6
f(x) = 3*4*x
4-1
+ 3*x
3-1
+ 3*2x
2-1
+ 0
f(x) = 12*x
3
+ 3*x
2
+ 6x


rules of differentiation

(derivatives of exponentials and logarithms)

example

x
e x f 5 ) ( =
) ( ) ( x g c x f =
) ( ' ) ( ' x g c x f =
x
e x f = 5 ) ( '
x
e x g = ) (
5 = c
x
e x g = ) ( '
) ( ) ( ) ( x h x g x f =
example

x
xe x f = ) (
) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ' x h x g x h x g x f + =
x x
e x e x f + =1 ) ( '
x x g = ) (
1 ) ( ' = x g
x
e x h = ) (
x
e x h = ) ( '
1
) ( ) ( ) ( x h x g x f =
example for you to try

x
e x x f
2
) ( =
) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ' x h x g x h x g x f + =
x x
e x e x x f + =
2
2 ) ( '
2
) ( x x g =
x x g 2 ) ( ' =
x
e x h = ) (
x
e x h = ) ( '
rules of differentiation

(derivatives of composite functions)

)), ( ( ) ( x h g x f =
example

2
) (
x
e x f =
) ( ' )) ( ( ' ) ( ' x h x h g x f =
x e x f
x
2 ) ( '
2
=
x
e x g = ) (
2
) ( x x h =
) ( ' ) ( '
) (
x h e x f
x h
=
)), ( ( ) ( x h g x f =
example

2
) (
x
e x f

=
) ( ' )) ( ( ' ) ( ' x h x h g x f =
x e x f
x
2 ) ( '
2
=
x
e x g = ) (
2
) ( x x h =
) ( ' ) ( '
) (
x h e x f
x h
=
definition: differential
recipe for finding a differential of
a function
example
Find the differential:
1. f(x) = x
2
+6
Step 1: Find the derivative
f(x) = 2*x
2-1
+ 0 = 2x
Step 2: Multiply the derivative by dx
f(x)*dx = 2x*dx