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Layer 3 Responsibilities Move data through a set of networks. Use a hierarchical addressing scheme. Segment network and control flow of traffic. Talk to other networks with services offered by ISPs (internet service providers)
Layer 3 Responsibilities Move data through a set of networks. Use a hierarchical addressing scheme. Segment network and control flow of traffic. Talk to other networks with services offered by ISPs (internet service providers)
Layer 3 Responsibilities Move data through a set of networks. Use a hierarchical addressing scheme. Segment network and control flow of traffic. Talk to other networks with services offered by ISPs (internet service providers)
Layer 3 Responsibilities Move data through a set of networks. Use a hierarchical addressing scheme. Segment network and control flow of traffic. Talk to other networks with services offered by ISPs (Internet Service Providers). Layer 3 Devices Routers Interconnect network segments or entire networks. Make logical decisions based on IP addresses. Determines best path for data on an internetwork. A.K.A Layer 3 Switching Path Determination The process the router uses to choose the next hop in the path the packet travels. The router uses the network address to identify the destination network of a packet within an internetwork. IP addresses can be assigned by a network administrator or automatically (dynamically.) Layer 3 Packet/Datagram VERS HLEN Service Type Total Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source IP Address Destination IP Address IP Options (if any) Padding Data Network Layer Addresses 233.14.17.0 Network layer addresses are 32 bits long. They are represented as four octets in dotted decimal format. The IP address has two components: The Network ID The Host Id Layer 3 Addresses Network ID Assigned by ARIN (www.arin.net) Identifies the network to which a device is attached. May be identified by one, two, or three of the first three octets. Host ID Assigned by a network administrator. Identifies the specific device on that network. May be identified by one, two, or three of the last three octets. IP Addresses 32 bit address represented as 8 bit dotted decimals. Different class addresses reserve different amounts of bits for the Network and Host portions of the address. Class A N H H H Class B N N H H Class C N N N H Classes How do you know what class an IP address is in? If the first octet is between: 0 127 it is a class A address 128-191 it is a class B address 192 223 it is a class C address Number of Hosts Maximum number of hosts vary for each class. Class A has 16,777,214 available hosts (2 24 2) Class B has 65,534 available hosts (2 16 2) Class C has 254 available hosts (2 8 2)
The first address in each network is reserved for the network address and the last address is reserved for the broadcast address. Recognizing Class in Binary Format 128s place 64s place 32s place Class A 0 Class B 1 0 Class C 1 1 0 Initial bit pattern in first octet of IP address. IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers Reserved Addresses 1. Network Address (wire address) This is an IP address that ends with binary 0s in all host bits. Class A Network Address example: 113.0.0.0 Hosts on a network can only communicate directly with other hosts if they have the same network ID. If they dont, they will not be able to communicate unless there is another device connecting the networks. Reserved Addresses 2. Broadcast Address is used to send data to all of the devices on a network. Broadcast IP addresses end with binary 1s in the host part of the address. Class B Broadcast Address example: 176.10.255.255
(Remember decimal 255 = binary 11111111) Basics of Subnetting Subnetworks are smaller divisions of networks. They provide addressing flexibility. A.K.A. subnets Subnet addresses are assigned locally, usually by a network administrator. Subnets reduce a broadcast domain. Subnet Addresses Include Class A, B, or C network portion plus a subnet field and a host field. Bits are borrowed from the host field and are designated as the subnet field. Network Subnet Host How many bits can I borrow? Size of Host Field Maximum # of borrowed bits Class A 24 22 Class B 16 14 Class C 8 6 The minimum number of bits you can borrow is 2. Default Subnet Masks Class A 255.0.0.0 Class B 255.255.0.0 Class C 255.255.255.0 Calculating a Subnet We will subnet the IP address: 223.14.17.0 What class IP address is this? Class C
Step #1 Determine the default subnet mask
Class C default subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 Step #2 Determine the number of subnets needed and hosts on each to determine how many bits to borrow from the host ID. Need: 13 subnets 10 hosts on each subnet Step #3 Figure the actual number of subnets and hosts by borrowing bits from host ID. Lets see how many subnets and hosts we will have by borrowing 4 bits from the host.
Step #3 continued 223.14.17.0 X X X X H H H H 16 possible subnets 16 possible hosts for each subnet Step #3 continued We get 16 possible subnets and 16 possible hosts for each subnet because: For the 4 bits borrowed each bit can be a 1 or a 0 leaving you with 2 4 or 16 possible combinations. The same goes for the 4 leftover host bits. Important: There are only 14 available subnets and hosts on each subnet. Why? Step #3 continued Because you cannot use the first and last subnet. Because you cannot use the first and last address within each subnet. For each, one is the broadcast address and one is the network address. Step #4 Determine the subnet mask. 223.14.17.0 X X X X H H H H Where X represents the borrowed bits for subnetting. Step #4 continued Add the place values of X together to get the last octet decimal value of the subnet mask. 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 = 240 The subnet mask is: 255.255.255.240 The subnet mask is used to reveal the subnet and host address fields in IP addresses. Step 5 Determine the ranges of host addresses for each subnet. Subnet # Subnet Bits Host Bits In Decimal 1 0000 0000-1111 .0 -.15 2 0001 0000-1111 .16 - .31 3 0010 0000-1111 .32 - .47 4 0011 0000-1111 .48 - .63 5 0100 0000-1111 .64 - .79 6 0101 0000-1111 .80 - .95 7 0110 0000-1111 .96 - .111 8 0111 0000-1111 .112 - .127 Step 5 continued Subnet # Subnet Bits Host Bits In Decimal 9 1000 0000-1111 .128 -.143 10 1001 0000-1111 .144 - .159 11 1010 0000-1111 .160 - .175 12 1011 0000-1111 .176 - .191 13 1100 0000-1111 .192 - .207 14 1101 0000-1111 .208 - .223 15 1110 0000-1111 .224 - .239 16 1111 0000-1111 .240 - .255 Step 5 continued There are 16 possible subnets. There are 16 possible hosts on each subnet. That equals 256 possible hosts. What are our available subnets? What are our available hosts on each subnet? Why????? Figuring Subnet Network Addresses Step #1: Change the IP host address to binary. Step #2: Change the subnet mask to binary. Step #3: Use the boolean operator AND to combine the two. Step #4:Convert the network binary address to dotted decimal. Figuring Subnet Network Addresses IP Host 172.16.2.120 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 10101100.00010000.00000010.01111000 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 10101100.00010000.00000010.00000000 172.16.2.0 This is the subnet network address. It is the lowest numbered address on the subnet network. It can help determine path. AND Revision on IP Addressing Subnetting Review Logical Addressing At the network layer, we use logical, hierarchical addressing. With Internet Protocol (IP), this address is a 32-bit addressing scheme divided into four octets. Do you remember the classes 1st octets value? Class A: 1 - 127 Class B: 128 - 191 Class C: 192 - 223 Class D: 224 - 239 (multicasting) Class E: 240 - 255 (experimental) Network vs. Host N H H H Class A: 2 7 = 126 networks; 2 24 > 16 million hosts N N H H Class B : 2 14 = 16,384 networks; 2 16 > 65,534 hosts N N N H Class C : 2 21 > 2 million networks; 2 8- = 256-2=254 hosts Why Subnet? Remember: we are usually dealing with a broadcast topology. Can you imagine what the network traffic overhead would be like on a network with 254 hosts trying to discover each others MAC addresses? Subnetting allows us to segment LANs into logical broadcast domains called subnets, thereby improving network performance. Stealing Bits In order to subnet, we must steal or borrow bits from the host portion on the IP address. First, we must to determine how many subnets we need and how many hosts per subnet. We do this through the power of 2 For example, I need 8 subnets from a Class C: 2 4 = 16 - 2 = 14 subnets Remember: we subtract 2 because these subnets are not used How many host do we have? Its a Class C, so 4 bits are left: 2 4 = 16 - 2 = 14 hosts Remember: we subtract 2 because one address is the subnet address and one is the broadcast address Subnet Mask We determine the subnet mask by adding up the decimal value of the bits we borrowed. In the previous Class C example, we borrowed 4 bits. Below is the host octet showing the bits we borrowed and their decimal values. 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 We add up the decimal value of these bits and get 240. Thats the last non-zero octet of our subnet mask. So our subnet mask is 255.255.255.240 Last Non-Zero Octet Memorize this table. You should be able to: Quickly calculate the last non-zero octet when given the number of bits borrowed. Determine the number of bits borrowed given the last non-zero octet. Determine the amount of bits left over for hosts and the number of host addresses available. Bits Borrowed Non-Zero Octet Hosts 2 192 62 3 224 30 4 240 14 5 248 6 6 252 2 CIDR Notation Classless Interdomain Routing is a method of representing an IP address and its subnet mask with a prefix. For example: 192.168.50.0/27 What do you think the 27 tells you? 27 is the number of 1 bits in the subnet mask. Therefore, 255.255.255.224 Also, you know 192 is a Class C, so we borrowed 3 bits!! Finally, you know the magic number is 256 - 224 = 32, so the first useable subnet address is 197.168.50.32!! Lets see the power of CIDR notation. 202.151.37.0/26 Subnet mask? 255.255.255.192 Bits borrowed? Class C so 2 bits borrowed Magic Number? 256 - 192 = 64 First useable subnet address? 202.151.37.64 Third useable subnet address? 64 + 64 + 64 = 192, so 202.151.37.192 198.53.67.0/30 Subnet mask? 255.255.255.252 Bits borrowed? Class C so 6 bits borrowed Magic Number? 256 - 252 = 4 Third useable subnet address? 4 + 4 + 4 = 12, so 198.53.67.12 Second subnets broadcast address? 4 + 4 + 4 - 1 = 11, so 198.53.67.11 200.39.89.0/28 What kind of address is 200.39.89.32? Class C, so 4 bits borrowed Last non-zero octet is 240 Magic number is 256 - 240 = 16 32 is a multiple of 16 so 200.39.89.32 is a subnet address--the second subnet address!! Whats the broadcast address of 200.39.89.32? 32 + 16 -1 = 47, so 200.39.89.47 194.53.45.0/29 What kind of address is 194.53.45.26? Class C, so 5 bits borrowed Last non-zero octet is 248 Magic number is 256 - 248 = 8 Subnets are .8, .16, .24, .32, ect. So 194.53.45.26 belongs to the third subnet address (194.53.45.24) and is a host address. What broadcast address would this host use to communicate with other devices on the same subnet? It belongs to .24 and the next is .32, so 1 less is .31 (194.53.45.31) No Worksheet Needed! After some practice, you should never need a subnetting worksheet again. The only information you need is the IP address and the CIDR notation. For example, the address 221.39.50/26 You can quickly determine that the first subnet address is 221.39.50.64. How? Class C, 2 bits borrowed 256 - 192 = 64, so 221.39.50.64 For the rest of the addresses, just do multiples of 64 (.64, .128, .192). The Key!! MEMORIZE THIS TABLE!!! Bits Borrowed Non-Zero Octet Hosts 2 192 62 3 224 30 4 240 14 5 248 6 6 252 2 Practice On Your Own Below are some practice problems. Take out a sheet of paper and calculate... Bits borrowed Last non-zero octet Second subnet address and broadcast address 1. 192.168.15.0/26 2. 220.75.32.0/30 3. 200.39.79.0/29 4. 195.50.120.0/27 5. 202.139.67.0/28 6. Challenge: 132.59.0.0/19 7. Challenge: 64.0.0.0/16