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GSM is a frequencyand time-division cellular system, each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a time slot number. Each group of radios serve MSs presently located near them, this kind of technique is called Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different frequencies.
GSM is a frequencyand time-division cellular system, each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a time slot number. Each group of radios serve MSs presently located near them, this kind of technique is called Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different frequencies.
GSM is a frequencyand time-division cellular system, each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a time slot number. Each group of radios serve MSs presently located near them, this kind of technique is called Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different frequencies.
www.huawei.com Internal GSM Fundamentals GBSS Training Team HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 2 After the completion of this course, the trainees should understand the following contents: Basic idea of GSM system Features of GSM The structure of the GSM system. Certain numbers that refer to BSS Handovers, frequency hopping and location updates Propagation Mechanisms The idea of EDGE and GPRS HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 3 BSS Feature Description BSS Signaling Analysis Manual BSC Technical Manual HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 4 Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 Features of GSM Chapter 3 GSM Network Structure Chapter 4 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 5 Handover and Frequency hopping Chapter 6 Location Update Chapter 7 Propagation Mechanisms Chapter 8 GPRS & EDGE Introduction HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 5 GSM system overview The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular telephone network (known as a Public Land Mobile Network, or PLMN). These recommendations ensure the compatibility of equipment from different GSM manufacturers, and interconnectivity between different administrations, including operation across international boundaries. GSM networks are digital and can cater for high system capacities. They are consistent with the world-wide digitization of the telephone network, and are an extension of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), using a digital radio interface between the cellular network and the mobile subscriber equipment. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 6 The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system, each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a time slot number Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power radios spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of radios serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by each group of radios is called a CELL Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots , several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) GSM system overview HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 7 CELLULAR TELEPHONY A cellular telephone system links mobile subscribers into the public telephone system or to another cellular subscriber. Information between the mobile unit and the cellular network uses radio communication. Hence the subscriber is able to move around and become fully mobile. The service area in which mobile communication is to be provided is divided into regions called cells. Each cell has the equipment to transmit and receive calls from any subscriber located within the borders of its radio coverage area.
Radio Mobile subscriber Cell GSM system overview HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 8 Standard Protocol for GSM take effect System was named as Global System for Mobile Communication GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G) Provide services for the whole world Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system 1989 1991 1992 1994 1996 GSM History and Overview HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 9 A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL. Macro Cell In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The BTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So , it can only provide a few channels for subscribers. Micro Cell Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area with high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity of the network. Macro Cell and Micro Cell Cell Definitions HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 10 Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the same communication medium. There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique : 1) FDMA 2) TDMA and 3) CDMA. GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).
Multiple Access Technique HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 11 FDMA FDMA uses different frequency channels to accomplish communication. The whole frequency spectrum available is divided into many individual channels (for transmitting and receiving) every channel can support the traffic for one subscriber or some control information.
Frequency Time HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 12 TDMA accomplishes the communication in different timeslot. A carrier is divided into channels based on time. Different signals occupy different timeslots in certain sequence , that is , many signals are transmitted on the same frequency in different time. Time Frequency TDMA HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 13 CDMA accomplishes the communication in different code sequences. Special coding is adopted before transmission, then different information will lose nothing after being mixed and transmitted together on the same frequency and at the same time. Time Frequency CDMA HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 14 GSM 900
Uplink
890 915 935 960MHz Downlink GSM systems use radio frequencies between 890-915 MHz for receive and between 935-960 MHz for transmit. RF carriers are spaced every 200 kHz, allowing a total of 124 carriers for use. An RF carrier is a pair of radio frequencies, one used in each direction. Transmit and receive frequencies are always separated by 45 MHz. Frequency Spectrum HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 15 UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES 890 915 935 960 880 925 UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 45MHZ EGSM has 10MHz of bandwidth on both transmit and receive. Receive bandwidth is from 880 MHz to 890 MHz. Transmit bandwidth is from 925 MHz to 935 MHz. Total RF carriers in EGSM is 50 more then GSM.
Extended GSM(EGSM) Frequency Spectrum HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 16 Base Station Receive
1710 1785 1805 1880MHz Base Station Transmit DCS 1800 DCS1800 systems use radio frequencies between 1710-1785 MHz for receive and between 1805-1880 MHz for transmit. RF carriers are spaced every 200 kHz, allowing a total of 373 carriers. Transmit and receive frequencies are always separated by 95 MHz. Frequency Spectrum HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 17 Frequency Spectrum HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 18 Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 Features of GSM Chapter 3 GSM Network Structure Chapter 4 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 5 Handover and Frequency hopping Chapter 6 Location Update Chapter 7 Propagation Mechanisms Chapter 8 GPRS & EDGE Introduction HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 19 INCREASED CAPACITY The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems. GSM allows 25 kHz per user, that is, eight conversations per 200 kHz channel pair (a pair comprising one transmit channel and one receive channel). Digital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to interference from cells where the same frequencies are re-used (co-channel interference). This allows increased geographic reuse by permitting a reduction in the number of cells in the reuse pattern. Features of GSM HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 20 AUDIO QUALITY Digital transmission of speech and high performance digital signal processors provide good quality speech transmission. Since GSM is a digital technology, the signals passed over a digital air interface can be protected against errors by using better error detection and correction techniques. In regions of interference or noise-limited operation the speech quality is noticeably better than analogue. USE OF STANDARDISED OPEN INTERFACES Standard interfaces such as C7 and X25 are used throughout the system. Hence different manufacturers can be selected for different parts of the PLMN. There is a high flexibilty in where the Network components are situated. Features of GSM HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 21
IMPROVED SECURITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY GSM offers high speech and data confidentiality. Subscriber authentication can be performed by the system to check if a subscriber is a valid subscriber or not. The GSM system provides for high degree of confidentiality for the subscriber. Calls are encoded and ciphered when sent over air. The mobile equipment can be identified independently from the mobile subscriber. The mobile has a identity number hard coded into it when it is manufactured. This number is stored in a standard database and whenever a call is made the equipment can be checked to see if it has been reported stolen. Features of GSM HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 22
CLEANER HANDOVERS GSM uses Mobile assisted handover technique. The mobile itself carries out the signal strength and quality measurement of its server and signal strength measurement of its neighbors. This data is passed on the Network which then uses sophisticated algorithms to determine the need of handover. SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION In a GSM system the mobile station and the subscriber are identified separately. The subscriber is identified by means of a smart card known as a SIM. This enables the subscriber to use different mobile equipment while retaining the same subscriber number. Features of GSM HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 23
ENHANCED RANGE OF SERVICES Speech services for normal telephony. Short Message Service for point ot point transmission of text message. Cell broadcast for transmission of text message from the cell to all MS in its coverage area. Message like traffic information or advertising can be transmitted. Fax and data services are provided. Data rates available are 2.4 Kb/s, 4.8 Kb/s and 9.6 Kb/s. Supplementary services like number identification , call barring, call forwarding, charging display etc can be provided. Features of GSM HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 24 FREQUENCY REUSE There are total 124 carriers in GSM900 (additional 50 carriers are available in EGSM band). Each carrier has 8 timeslots and if 7 can be used for traffic then a maximum of 868 ( 124 X 7 ) calls can be made. This is not enough and hence frequencies have to be reused. The same RF carrier can be used for many conversations in several different cells at the same time. 6 4 3 7 2 The radio carriers available are allocated according to a regular pattern which repeats over the whole coverage area. The pattern to be used depends on traffic requirement and spectrum availability. Some typical repeat patterns are 4*3,3*3, 7*3 etc. The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in different places. The quality of communication must be ensured. 5 1 2 1 Features of GSM HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 25 4 site X 3 cells reuse 1 8 9 2 10 4 6 5 3 7 11 12 R Frequency Reuse HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 26 Cell Types Omni 1 120 degree 1 2 3 Omni-directional Cell 120 Degree Cell HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 27 Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 Features of GSM Chapter 3 GSM Network Structure Chapter 4 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 5 Handover and Frequency hopping Chapter 6 Location Update Chapter 7 Propagation Mechanisms Chapter 8 GPRS & EDGE Introduction HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 28 GSM /GPRS BSS BTS BSC BTS BSC PCU
SS7 SMS system PSTN ISDN Internet, Intranet MSC/VLR GMSC HLR/AUC SGSN CG BG GGSN GPRS Backbone Other PLMN MS MS OMC GSM-GPRS Network Component HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 29 GSM /GPRS BSS BTS BSC BTS BSC PCU
SS7 SMS system PSTN ISDN Internet, Intranet MSC/VLR GMSC HLR/AUC SGSN CG BG GGSN GPRS backbone Other PLMN A Gb Gi Gp C/D/Gs Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc Ga Abis Um MS MS OMC I nterface Between Different Entities HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 30 Mobile StationMS An MS is used by a mobile subscriber to communicate with the mobile network. Several types of MSs exist, each allowing the subscriber to make and receive calls. The range or coverage area of an MS depends on the output power of the output. Different types of MSs have different output power capabilities and consequently different ranges. GSM MSs consist of A mobile terminal A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) In GSM the subscriber is separated from the mobile terminal. Each subscribers information is stored as a smart card SIM. The SIM can be plugged into any GSM mobile terminal. This brings the advantages of security and portability of subscribers. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 31 Mobiles are classified into five classes according to their power rating. CLASS POWER OUTPUT 1 20W 2 8W 3 5W 4 2W 5 0.8W SIM Mobile StationMS HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 32 BTS BSC TC/SM BSS MSC The Base Station Controller BSC The Base Transceiver Station BTS The Trans-coder TC and Sub multiplexer (SM)
Base Station Subsystem-BSS HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 33 The BSS is the fixed end of the radio interface that provides control and radio coverage functions for one or more cells and their associated MSs. It is the interface between the MS and the MSC. The BSS comprises one or more Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs), each containing the radio components that communicate with MSs in a given area, and a Base Site Controller (BSC) which supports call processing functions and the interfaces to the MSC. Digital radio techniques are used for the radio communications link, known as the Air Interface, between the BSS and the MS. The BSS consists of three basic Network Elements (NEs). Transcoder (XCDR) or Remote transcoder (RXCDR) . Base Station Controller (BSC). Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) assigned to the BSC.
Base Station Subsystem-BSS HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 34 The speech transcoder is the interface between the 64 kbit/s PCM channel in the land network and the 13 kbit/s channel used on the Air Interface. This reduces the amount of information carried on the Air Interface and hence, its bandwidth. If the 64 kbits/s PCM is transmitted on the air interface without occupation, it would occupy an excessive amount of radio bandwidth. This would use the available radio spectrum inefficiently. The required bandwidth is therefore reduced by processing the 64 kbits/s PCM data so that the amount of information required to transmit digitized voice falls to 13kb/s. The XCDR can multiplex 4 traffic channels into a single 64 kbit/s timeslot. Thus a E1/T1 serial link can carry 4 times as many channels. This can reduce the number of E1/T1 leased lines required to connect remotely located equipment. When the transcoder is between the MSC and the BSC it is called a remote transcoder (RXCDR).
Transcoder HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 35 30 Timeslots 1 traffic channel / TS 64 Kbps / TS 4 E1 lines = 30 X 4 =120 Timeslots Each Timeslot =16 X 4 = 64 Kb/s 30 timeslots = 30 x 4 =120 traffic channels MSC XCDR BSC 0 1 2 31 16 Transcoded information from four calls Transcoder HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 36
The BSC network element provides the control for the BSS. It controls and manages the associated BTSs, and interfaces with the Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC). The purpose of the BSC is to perform a variety of functions. The following comprise the functions provided by the BSC: Controls the BTS components.- Performs Call Processing. Performs Operations and Maintenance (O & M). Provides the O & M link (OML) between the BSS and the OMC. Provides the A Interface between the BSS and the MSC. Manages the radio channels. Transfers signaling information to and from MSs.
Base Station Controller-BSC HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 37
The BTS network element consists of the hardware components, such as radios, interface modules and antenna systems that provide the Air Interface between the BSS and the MSs. The BTS provides radio channels (RF carriers) for a specific RF coverage area. The radio channel is the communication link between the MSs within an RF coverage area and the BSS. The BTS also has a limited amount of control functionality which reduces the amount of traffic between the BTS and BSC.
Base Tran receiver Station-BTS HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 38 MSC BSC BTS12 BTS1 BTS2 BTS4 BTS3 BTS11 BTS13 BTS14 BTS5 BTS6 BTS7 BTS8 BTS9 BTS11 Open ended Daisy Chain Daisy Chain with a fork. Fork has a return loop back to the chain Star Daisy Chain with a fork. Fork has a return loop back to the chain BTS Connectivity HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 39 BTS BSC TC/SM BSS MSC Packet data switching Bridge between SGSN and BSC Provide Pb and Gb interface GPRS Backbone PCU SGSN Packet Control Unit - PCU HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 40 Mobile-service Switching Center MSC Home Location Register HLR Visitor Location Register VLR Equipment Identity Register EIR Authentication Center AUC Echo Cancellor EC AUC HLR MSC/VLR PSTN NSS EIR OMC BSS EC Network Switching System HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 41 The Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC) co-ordinates the setting up of calls to and from GSM users. It is the telephone switching office for MS originated or terminated traffic and provides the appropriate bearer services, teleservices and supplementary services. It controls a number of Base Station Sites (BSSs) within a specified geographical coverage area and gives the radio subsystem access to the subscriber and equipment databases. The MSC carries out several different functions depending on its position in the network. When the MSC provides the interface between PSTN and the BSS in the GSM network it is called the Gateway MSC. Some important functions carried out by MSC are Call processing including control of data/voice call setup, inter BSS & inter MSC handovers, control of mobility management, Operation & maintenance support including database management, traffic metering and man machine interface & managing the interface between GSM & PSTN N/W.
Mobile-service Switching Center - MSC HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 42 The HLR contains the master database of all subscribers in the PLMN. This data is remotely accessed by the MSCs and VLRs in the network. The data can also be accessed by an MSC or a VLR in a different PLMN to allow inter-system and inter- country roaming. A PLMN may contain more than one HLR, in which case each HLR contains a portion of the total subscriber database. There is only one database record per subscriber. The subscribers data may be accessed by the IMSI or the MSISDN. The parameters stored in HLR are Subscribers ID (IMSI and MSISDN ) Current subscriber VLR. Supplementary services subscribed to. Supplementary services information (eg. Current forwarding address ). Authentication key and AUC functionality. TMSI and MSRN Home Location Register - HLR HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 43 The Visited Location Register (VLR) is a local subscriber database, holding details on those subscribers who enter the area of the network that it covers. The details are held in the VLR until the subscriber moves into the area serviced by another VLR. The data includes most of the information stored at the HLR, as well as more precise location and status information. The additional data stored in VLR are Mobile status ( Busy / Free / No answer etc. ) Location Area Identity ( LAI ) Temporary Mobile Subscribers Identity ( TMSI ) Mobile Station Roaming Number ( MSRN ) The VLR provides the system elements local to the subscriber, with basic information on that subscriber, thus removing the need to access the HLR every time subscriber information is required. Visitor Location Register -VLR HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 44 The AUC is a processor system that perform authentication function. It is normally co-located with the HLR. The authentication process usually takes place each time the subscriber initializes on the system. Each subscriber is assigned an authentication key (Ki) which is stored in the SIM and at the AUC. Authentication Centre - AUC HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 45 IMEI is Checked In White List IMEI is Checked in Black/Grey List If NOT found EIR focus on the equipment , not the subscriber!! White List: All Valid assigned IDs Black List: Service allowed but noted Grey List: Service denied Equipment I dentity Register - EI R HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 46 The OMC controls and monitors the Network elements within a region. The OMC also monitors the quality of service being provided by the Network. The following are the main functions performed by the OMC-R The OMC allows network devices to be manually removed for or restored to service. The status of network devices can be checked from the OMC and tests and diagnostics invoked. The alarms generated by the Network elements are reported and logged at the OMC. The OMC-R Engineer can monitor and analyse these alarms and take appropriate action like informing the maintenance personal. The OMC keeps on collecting and accumulating traffic statistics from the network elements for analysis. Software loads can be downloaded to network elements or uploaded to the OMC. Operation and maintenance Centre for Radio OMC-R HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 47 OS MMI DB Event/Alarm Management Security Management Configuration Management Performance Management Fault Management OMC Functional Architecture HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 48 Different I nterfaces in GSM HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 49
The terrestrial interfaces comprises all the connections between the GSM system entities ,apart from the Um or air interface. The terrestrial interfaces transport the traffic across the system and allows the passage of thousands of data messages to make the system function. The standard interfaces used are 2 Mb/s Signaling System (C7 or SS7) Packet Switched Data Abis using the LAPD protocol (Link Access Procedure D ) Terrestrial I nterface HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 50 Each interface specified in GSM has a name associated with it.
I nterface Names NAME INTERFACE Um MS ----- BTS Abis BTS ----- BSC Ater BSC ----- TRC A MSC ------ BSC B MSC ------ VLR C MSC ------ HLR D VLR ----- HLR E MSC ------ MSC F MSC ------ EIR G VLR ------ VLR H HLR ------ AUC HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 51 This interface carries the traffic from the PSTN to the MSC, between MSCs, from the MSC to the BSCs and from the BSCs to the BTSs. It represents the physical layer in the OSI model. Each 2 Mb/s link provides 30 traffic channels available to carry speech ,data or control information. Typical Configuration TS 0 TS 1-15 TS 16 TS 17 - 31 TS 0 - Frame allignment/ Error checking/ Signalling/ Alarms TS 1-15 , 17-31 - Traffic TS 16 - Siganlling 2 Mbits/s Trunk 30-Channel PCM HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 52 Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 Features of GSM Chapter 3 GSM Network Structure Chapter 4 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 5 Handover and Frequency hopping Chapter 6 Location Update Chapter 7 Propagation Mechanisms Chapter 8 GPRS & EDGE Introduction HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 53
PLMN service area ...... Service Area
MSC service area... Location area... cell PLMN service area PLMN service area MSC service area... Location area... cell Service Area HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 54 Location Area Identification The LAI is the international code for a location area. MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00" LAC: Location Area CodeIt is a two bytes hex code. The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid. For example: 460-00-0011 MCC MNC LAC LAI HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 55 CGI The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell The format is LAI+CI LAI: Location Area Identification CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to identify the cells within an LAI. For example : 460-00-0011-0001 CGI: Cell Global Identification HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 56 BSI C NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows various neighboring PLMNs to be distinguished. BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to distinguish different cells assigned the same frequency! NCC BCC BSIC BSICBase Station Identification Color Code) HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 57 CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86". NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135. SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD Example: 86-139-0666-1234 MSI SDN CC NDC SN National (significant) Mobile number Mobile station international ISDN number HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 58 MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00" MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF For example: 666-9777001 NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber IdentificationMNC and MSIN form it together. For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001 Not more than 15 digits 3 digits 2 digits IMSI MCC MNC MSIN NMSI I MSI HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 59 TMSI The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber authentication. The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies them to the HLR. TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber on the air interface is kept secret. The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by the operator. TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification) HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 60 I MEI TAC FAC SNR SP IMEI IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification TAC: Type approval code, 6 bit, determined by the type approval center FAC: Final assembly code, 2 bit, It is determined by the manufacturer. SNR: Serial number, 6 bits, It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS. SP: 1 bit , Not used. Check the IMEI in your MS : *#06# HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 61 Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 Features of GSM Chapter 3 GSM Network Structure Chapter 4 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 5 Handover and Frequency hopping Chapter 6 Location Update Chapter 7 Propagation Mechanisms Chapter 8 GPRS & EDGE Introduction HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 62 The GSM handover process uses a mobile assisted technique for accurate and fast handovers, in order to: Maintain the user connection link quality. Manage traffic distribution The overall handover process is implemented in the MS,BSS & MSC. Measurement of radio subsystem downlink performance and signal strengths received from surrounding cells, is made in the MS. These measurements are sent to the BSS for assessment. The BSS measures the uplink performance for the MS being served and also assesses the signal strength of interference on its idle traffic channels. Initial assessment of the measurements in conjunction with defined thresholds and handover strategy may be performed in the BSS. Assessment requiring measurement results from other BSS or other information resident in the MSC, may be perform. in the MSC. Handover HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 63 The MS assists the handover decision process by performing certain measurements. When the MS is engaged in a speech conversation, a portion of the TDMA frame is idle while the rest of the frame is used for uplink (BTS receive) and downlink (BTS transmit) timeslots. During the idle time period of the frame, the MS changes radio channel frequency and monitors and measures the signal level of the six best neighbor cells. Measurements which feed the handover decision algorithm are made at both ends of the radio link.
Handover HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 64
At the MS end, measurements are continuously signalled, via the associated control channel, to the BSS where the decision for handover is ultimately made. MS measurements include: Serving cell downlink quality (bit error rate (BER) estimate. Serving cell downlink received signal level, and six best neighbor cells downlink received signal level. The MS also decodes the Base Station ID Code (BSIC) from the six best neighbor cells, and reports the BSICs and the measurement information to the BSS.
MS END Handover HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 65
The BTS measures the uplink link quality, received signal level, and MS to BTS site distance. The MS RF transmit output power budget is also considered in the handover decision. If the MS can be served by a neighbor cell at a lower power, the handover is recommended. From a system perspective, handover may be considered due to loading or congestion conditions. In this case, the MSC or BSC tries to balance channel usage among cells. BTS END Handover HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 66 Handover takes place in the same cell from one timeslot to another timeslot of the same carrier or different carriers( but the same cell). Intra-cell handover is triggered only if the cause is interference. Intra-cell handover can be enabled or disabled in a cell.
Intra-Cell Handover BSC BTS Call is handed from timeslot 3 to timeslot 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Handover Types HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 67 Handover takes place between different cell which are controlled by the same BSC.
Intra-BSC Handover BSC1 BTS1 Call is handed from timeslot 3 of cell1 to timeslot 1 of cell2 . Both the cells are controlled by the same BSC. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 68 Handover takes place between different cell which are controlled by the different BSC. Inter-BSC Handover BSC1 BTS1 Call is handed from timeslot 3 of cell1 to timeslot 1 of cell2 . Both the cells are controlled by the different BSC. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 BSC2 MSC BTS2 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 69 Handover takes place between different cell which are controlled by the different BSC and each BSC is controlled by different MSC.
Inter-MSC Handover BSS1 BTS1 Call is handed from timeslot 3 of cell1 to timeslot 1 of cell2 . Both the cells are controlled by the different BSC, each BSC being controlled by different MSC. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 BSS2 MSC1 BTS2 MSC2 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 70 Information is transmitted by different frequencies at different timeslot
Voice Modulated RF signal f 1 f 2 f 3 f 4 f 1 Frequency Hopping HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 71 I ntroduction to Frequency Hopping
Can be used to improve the quality of the network Also can be used to increase the capacity of the Network thereby reducing the number of sites required for CAPACITY. The way it works: Each burst is transmitted on a different frequency Both mobile and base station follow the same hopping sequence
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 72
I ntroduction to Frequency Hopping Fading Causes quality deterioration Is frequency dependent FH diversifies the impact of fading and improves quality. The immunity to fading increases by exploiting its frequency selectivity, because using different frequencies the probability of being continuously affected by fading is reduced, so the transmission link quality is improved. This improvement is much more noticeable for slow moving mobiles.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 73 I ncreased immunity to Fading In a cellular urban environment in most cases multipath propagation will be present and, as a consequence of that, important short term variations in the received level are frequent . This is called Raleigh fading which results in quality degradation because some of the information will be corrupted. For a fast moving mobile, the fading situation can be avoided from one burst to another because it also depends on the position of the mobile so the problem is not so serious. For a stationary one the reception may be permanently affected resulting in a very bad quality, even a drop call. Once the information is received by the mobile or the base station, the only way to cope with the disturbance produced by the fading (errors in the information bits) are the decoding and de-interleaving processes, with an effectiveness limited by the number of errors they have to deal with.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 74 I ncreased immunity to Fading
Interference A result of frequency reuse & irregular terrain and sites. FH diversifies the impact of interference and improves quality The situation of permanent interference coming from neighbour cells transmitting the same or adjacent frequencies is avoided using Frequency Hopping because the calls will spend the time moving through different frequencies not equally affected by interfering signals. This effect is called Interference Averaging. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 75 Types of Hopping Base Band Hopping (BBH) The radio units transmit always the same frequency. Number of frequencies for hopping = Number of carriers The radio units are always transmitting a fixed frequency and frequency hopping is performed by moving the information for every call among the available radio units in a cell on a per burst basis. In reception the call is always processed by the same radio unit (the one where the call started). The number of frequencies to hop over is limited by the number of radio units equipped in the cell. The BCCH carrier can hop in timeslots 1 to 7. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 76 Types of Hopping Synthesiser Frequency Hopping (SFH) The radio units change (retune) the frequency every burst. The call always stays in the same radio unit. Number of frequencies for hopping > Number of carriers. The radio units can hop over a range of different frequencies. Hybrid combiners are required in the base station (Cavity Combiners can not be used with SFH). The BCCH carrier can never hop.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 77 Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 Features of GSM Chapter 3 GSM Network Structure Chapter 4 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 5 Handover and Frequency hopping Chapter 6 Location Update Chapter 7 Propagation Mechanisms Chapter 8 GPRS & EDGE Introduction HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 78 MSC should always know the location of the MS so that it can contact it by sending pages whenever required. The mobile keeps on informing the MSC about its current location area or whenever it changes from one LA to another. This process of informing the MSC is known as location updating. The new LA is updated in the VLR. LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC MCC MNC LAC 3 digits 1-2 digits Max 16 bits MCC = Mobile country code. MNC = Mobile Network Code. LAC = Location area code. Identifies a location area within a GSM PLMN network. The maximum length of LAC is 16 bits. Thus 65536 different LA can be defined in one GSM PLMN. Location Update HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 79 Normal location update Periodic location update IMSI attach
Normal Location Update
Mobile powers on and is idle. Reads the LAI broadcast on the BCCH. Compares with the last stored LAI and if it is different does a location update.
Location Update Types HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 80 IMSI Attach Saves the network from paging a MS which is not active in the system. When MS is turned off or SIM is removed the MS sends a detach signal to the Network. It is marked as detached. When the MS is powered again it reads the current LAI and if it is same does a location update type IMSI attach. Attach/detach flag is broadcast on the BCCH sys info.
Periodic Location Update Many times the MS enters non-coverage zone. The MSC will keep on paging the MS thus wasting precious resources. To avoid this the MS has to inform the MSC about its current LAI in a set period of time. This time ranges from 0 to 255 deci-hours. Periodic location timer value is broadcast on BCCH sys info messages. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 81 Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 Features of GSM Chapter 3 GSM Network Structure Chapter 4 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 5 Handover and Frequency hopping Chapter 6 Location Update Chapter 7 Propagation Mechanisms Chapter 8 GPRS & EDGE Introduction HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 82
Reflection Occurs when a wave impinges upon a smooth surface. Dimensions of the surface are large relative to . Reflections occur from the surface of the earth and from buildings and walls. Diffraction (Shadowing) Occurs when the path is blocked by an object with large dimensions relative to and sharp irregularities (edges). Secondary wavelets propagate into the shadowed region. Diffraction gives rise to bending of waves around the obstacle. Scattering Occurs when a wave impinges upon an object with dimensions on the order of or less, causing the reflected energy to spread out orscatter in many directions. Small objects such as street lights, signs, & leaves cause scattering. Propagation Mechanisms HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 83
Multiple Waves Create Multipath Due to propagation mechanisms, multiple waves arrive at the receiver Sometimes this includes a direct Line-of-Sight (LOS) signal Multipath HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 84
Multipath Propagation Multipath propagation causes large and rapid fluctuations in a signal These fluctuations are not the same as the propagation path loss. Multipath causes three major things Rapid changes in signal strength over a short distance or time. Random frequency modulation due to Doppler Shifts on different multipath signals. Time dispersion caused by multipath delays These are called fading effects Multipath propagation results in small-scale fading. Multipath HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 85
The communication between the base station and mobile station in mobile systems is mostly non-LOS. The LOS path between the transmitter and the receiver is affected by terrain and obstructed by buildings and other objects. The mobile station is also moving in different directions at different speeds. The RF signal from the transmitter is scattered by reflection and diffraction and reaches the receiver through many non-LOS paths. This non-LOS path causes long-term and short term fluctuations in the form of log-normal fading and Raleigh and Rican fading, which degrades the performance of the RF channel. What is Fading? S i g n a l
P o w e r
( d B m )
Large scale fading component Small scale fading component HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 86
This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal. The Raleigh fading is applicable to obstructed propagation paths. All the signals are NLOS signals and there is no dominant direct path. Signals from all paths have comparable signal strengths. The instantaneous received power seen by a moving antenna becomes a random variable depending on the location of the antenna.
Rayleigh fading HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 87
This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal. In this case there is a partially scattered field. One dominant signal. Others are weaker.
Ricean fading HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 88 Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel and increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
The former is achieved by ensuring uncorrelated (i.e. low enough correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e. not all antennas experience fades at the same time.
Diversity Building Building Building HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 89
In a typical cellular radio environment, the communication between the cell site and mobile is not by a direct radio path but via many paths. The direct path between the transmitter and the receiver is obstructed by buildings and other objects. Hence the signal that arrives at the receiver is either by reflection from the flat sides of buildings or by diffraction around man made or natural obstructions. When various incoming radio waves arrive at the receiver antenna, they combine constructively or destructively, which leads to a rapid variation in signal strength. The signal fluctuations are known as multi-path fading.
Need of Diversity HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 90 Time diversity Coding, interleaving Frequency diversity Frequency hopping Space diversity Multiple antennas Polarization diversity Dual-polarized antennas Multi-path diversity Equalizer t f Kind of Diversity HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 91
Interference is the sum of all signal contributions that are neither noise not the wanted signal. I nterference HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 92
Interference is a major limiting factor in the performance of cellular systems. It causes degradation of signal quality. It introduces bit errors in the received signal. Bit errors are partly recoverable by means of channel coding and error correction mechanisms. The interference situation is not reciprocal in the uplink and downlink direction. Mobile stations and base stations are exposed to different interference situation. Effects of I nterference Source of I nterference Another mobile in the same cell. A call in progress in the neighboring cell. Other base stations operating on the same frequency. Any non-cellular system which leaks energy into the cellular frequency band.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 93
TYPES OF I NTERFERENCE There are two types of system generated interference Co-channel interference Adjacent channel interference
Co-Channel Interference This type of interference is the due to frequency reuse , i.e. several cells use the same set of frequency. These cells are called co-channel cells. Co-channel interference cannot be combated by increasing the power of the transmitter. This is because an increase in carrier transmit power increases the interference to neighboring co-channel cells. To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cells must be physically separated by a minimum distance to provide sufficient isolation due to propagation or reduce the footprint of the cell. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 94
Adjacent-Channel Interference
Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired signal is called adjacent channel interference. Adjacent channel interference results from imperfect receiver filters which allow nearby frequencies to leak into the passband. Adjacent channel interference can be minimized through careful filtering and channel assignments. By keeping the frequency separation between each channel in a given cell as large as possible , the adjacent interference may be reduced considerably. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 95 Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 Features of GSM Chapter 3 GSM Network Structure Chapter 4 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 5 Handover and Frequency hopping Chapter 6 Location Update Chapter 7 Propagation Mechanisms Chapter 8 GPRS & EDGE Introduction HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 96 General packet radio service-GPRS The first phase of GSM network architecture enhancements that allow mobiles to connect to IP or X.25 networks. Characteristics of GPRS: Packet-switched Data rate: 9Kbps ~ 150Kbps New functionalities: point-to-point data transferring, routing, logical link management, radio resource management Modulation: GMSK HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 97 Characteristics Uses 200kHz carrier/multi-slot operation, time slot structure Modulation: 8PSK(8-phase Shift Keying) modulation(3bits per modulated symbol) <-> apposed to the 1-bit per symbol GMSK in GSM/GPRS Data rates: 384Kbps Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 98 57.6 kbps
115 kbps 384 kbps 2 Mbps GSM HSCSD GPRS EDGE IMT-2000 9.6 kbps 2G 2.5G 3G GSM Development Evolution HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 99 The basic idea of GSM The features of GSM The structure of GSM Certain service area and numbers Handover, Frequency hopping and Location Updates. Propagation Mechanisms Evolution of GSM www.huawei.com Thank You