Jenneson6e Vol2 PPT Ch06

PowerPoint slides t/a Jenneson and Harper, Electrical Principles for the Electrical Trades (Machines) 6e, Vol 2
Slides prepared by Andrew OConnell

Copyright 2012 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd

61
Chapter 6
Single-phase motors

62
Purpose
This chapter describes the
construction and performance of
single-phase motors.
It provides a comparison of single-
phase and three-phase motors.
It describes abnormal operating
conditions for AC induction motors.

63
Single-phase induction motors
Single-phase motors do not have the
same inherent rotating magnetic field
as three-phase motors.
Single-phase motors require some
method of creating a rotating magnetic
field. This can be achieved by having
two windings that are out of phase with
each other.


64
(continued)
Out of phase windings can be obtained
by having windings of different resistance
and reactance values, or by the addition
of a capacitor in series with one of the
windings.
Once the motor has reached sufficient
speed, one of the windings can be
disconnected and the motor will continue
to rotate.


65
The single-phase motor:
has a characteristic vibration at twice the
supply frequency
is nosier than a three-phase motor
has a rather high no-load current at low
power factor
has a power factor that improves with the
addition of load
requires special starting techniques
has several versions based on the method of
starting.
(continued)

66
Split-phase induction motor
The split-phase motor has two
dissimilar windings.
The run winding is connected to the
supply whenever the power is applied.
The start winding is only connected to
the supply during the start sequence.

67
(continued)


68
The run winding has a low resistance
and a high reactance.
The start winding has a high resistance
and a low reactance.
The two windings have different phase
angles and are spaced around the
stator. This produces the rotating
magnetic field that is necessary for
starting the motor.
(continued)

69
The speed of the rotating magnetic field
can be determined by:
n = 120f/p
Where:
n = speed of the rotating magnetic field in RPM
f = supply frequency in Hz
p = number of poles
(continued)

610
To reverse the direction of rotation, the
connections for only one of the
windings must be reversed.
The rotating flux is not uniform and an
elliptical field pattern is produced. This
produces considerable humming noise
and vibration during starting.

(continued)

611

(continued)

612
The rotating stator field cuts the rotor
conductors and induces a current into
the short circuited rotor conductors.
The magnetic field that is produced by
the current flowing in the rotor
conductors interacts with the stator field
and motor action occurs.

(continued)

613
The starting torque depends on the
relative strengths of the start and run
fluxes and the phase displacement
between them.
When the rotor reaches approximately
75% of the rated speed, the start
winding is disconnected from the
supply. This is usually achieved by a
centrifugal switch connected in series
with the start winding.
(continued)

614
Once the start winding is disconnected
the stator field becomes a stationary
pulsating field.
The currents in the rotor lag the stator
field by almost 90
o
due to the
reactance of the rotor conductors.
Since the two magnetic fields are at
right angles the resultant field is known
as the 'cross field'.
(continued)

615
The two fields effectively combine to form a
rotating magnetic field.
The rotor then follows this field at a slightly
slower speed due to losses in the rotor.
(continued)

616
The typical torque/speed curve for a
split-phase motor displays the change
from the starting condition to the
running condition.

(continued)

617
Split-phase motors have only moderate
starting torque and are typically used
for:
washing machines
blowers
buffing machines
grinders
machine tools.
(continued)

618
Capacitor-start motor
The split-phase induction motor is limited to a maximum
of about 30
o
E between the starting and running winding
currents.
To increase this angle and produce improved starting
characteristics, a capacitor is connected in series with
the starting winding.

619
Capacitor-start motor (continued)
A correctly chosen
capacitor will improve
the starting torque, but
care must be taken to
avoid resonance.
The improved torque
derives from the greater
phase displacement
between the two
winding currents.

620
Other aspects of the capacitor-start
motor, such as switching of the start
winding and reversal of rotation, are
similar to the split-phase motor.


621
Capacitor-start motors are used in
general purpose heavy duty applications
requiring high locked rotor starting
torque, such as:
refrigerators
air conditioners.

622
Capacitor-start, capacitor-run motor
The capacitor-start, capacitor-run motor
consists of two permanently connected
windings, the run and auxiliary windings.
The auxiliary winding is connected in series
with a capacitor. During starting, a second
capacitor is connected in parallel with the
run capacitor.


623
(continued)
The starting capacitor provides the
necessary phase displacement
between the winding currents for
maximum torque at start.
At approximately 75% of the rated
speed, the centrifugal switch
disconnects the starting capacitor.

624
During operation the run capacitor
ensures the correct phase displacement
between the two currents in the
windings, so providing a constant
strength rotating magnetic field.
The run capacitor:
increases the breakdown torque
improves full load efficiency and power
factor
reduces operational noise
increases locked rotor torque.
(continued)

625
Reversal of the capacitor-start,
capacitor-run motor is achieved by
reversing the connections to one
winding only.
Capacitor-start, capacitor-run motors
are used for heavy duty loads requiring
quiet operation and substantial starting
torque, such as wall-mounted air
conditioners.
(continued)

626
Permanently split capacitor motor
The permanently split capacitor motor has
two identical windings.
A capacitor is connected in series with
either the main or the auxiliary winding at
all times. The connection is controlled by
a switch.
The direction of rotation is determined by
which winding is connected in series with
the capacitor at that time. Hence the
switch controls the direction of rotation.

627
(continued)

628
The permanently split capacitor motor
is suitable for light applications with low
starting torque that may need to be
reversed, such as:
ceiling fans
blowers
air flow regulators.
The speed of these motors can be
varied fairly easily with series
inductances.
(continued)

629
Shaded-pole motor
The shaded-pole motor has a cage
rotor with salient poles in the stator. On
one side of each pole a slot is cut and
a copper shading ring is embedded in
the slot.


630
Shaded-pole motor (continued)
The supply current produces an
alternating flux which induces a current
in the shading ring.
The induced flux opposes changes in
the main flux resulting in a delay in the
magnetic field at the shaded end of the
magnetic pole.
The magnetic axis shifts across the
pole face from the unshaded part to the
shaded part of the pole.

631
The shifting flux is similar to a rotating magnetic
field and it produces a small torque, causing the
rotor to rotate in the direction of the flux,
towards the shaded section of the pole.


632
The shaded-pole motor:
has a low torque
runs with a high slip speed
is a simple construction
is low cost
is reliable and low maintenance
has low efficiency
is restricted to low power ratings.

633

634
To reverse the direction of rotation
requires either changing the shading
ring from one side to the other or
swapping the placement of the stator in
the frame.


635
The shaded-pole motor is suitable for:
fans and blowers
advertising signs
damper controllers
hair dryers.

636
Series motor
The series motor is often called a
universal motor since it can be used
on either an AC or a DC supply.
The series motor has a highly variable
speed characteristic. Under some
circumstances governors must be
used to restrict speeds to safe values.

637
Series motor (continued)
The field coils are concentrated type
windings fitted closely around salient
poles.
The armature has laminations, a
commutator and windings.
The armature windings are connected
in series with the field coils via carbon
brushes.

638


639
As the supply alternates, the armature
connections change polarity so the
stator and armature fluxes remain in
phase.


640
This constant phase relationship causes
a steady rotation in the one direction.
To reverse the direction of rotation
requires reversal of the connections to
either the field or the armature but not
both.


641
At heavy loads the motor speed is low.
At light loads the motor speed is high.


642
The series universal motor runs at a
relatively high speed and has good
starting and running torque
characteristics considering its small size.
It is popular for use in:
saws and drills
sewing machines
business machines
food mixers
small washing machines and vacuum
cleaners.

643


644
Comparison of single-phase and
three-phase motors
Advantages of single-phase motors
include:
only two windings.
reduced construction cost due to
automatic machine winding
only one active and one neutral conductor
required in most cases.

645
three-phase motors (continued)
Advantages of three-phase motors include:
smaller physical size for the same output
more efficient use of the iron core
higher efficiency
smaller line currents for the same output
suitable for higher powerline frequencies
less mechanical vibration
inherently self-starting due to rotating magnetic field
no starting mechanism required
reduced complications for difficult installations (e.g.
submersible pumps).
easily reversible by interchanging two supply connections
simpler control of starting currents without loss of torque.

646
Disadvantages of single-phase motors
include:
higher line currents for the same power
energy supplier limitations on the use of
larger motors
motor reversal requires internal changes
in most types of single-phase motors.

647
Disadvantages of three-phase motors
include:
three identical windings required
three active conductors required
more labour intensive during construction.

648
Abnormal operating conditions for AC
induction motors
The torque produced by a motor is
proportional to the voltage squared.
A reduction in the supply voltage will cause a
greater percentage reduction in the torque.
This may cause the motor to overheat or stall.
An increase in the supply voltage will cause
an increase in torque. If this increased torque
is utilised, the additional load may cause a
temperature rise in the motor windings.

649
induction motors (continued)
Therefore, voltage fluctuations will
have a negative impact on the
performance of the motor.
Motors are usually given a full-time
rating for a specified temperature rise.
The motor may need to be switched off
after a duty period and be allowed to
cool down.

650
Motors that operate at higher operating
temperatures have a greatly reduced lifespan.
Common causes of overheating are inadequate
or restricted ventilation and overloading.
The higher temperature causes accelerated
deterioration of lubricants and winding
insulation.
Overheating can be avoided by decreasing the
load and increasing the cooling systems
efficiency.

651
Variation of the supply frequency affects
motor speed, power factor, efficiency and
torque.
Supply system frequency variations usually
occur when there are comparatively few
large loads connected to a small supply.
A decrease in the supply frequency causes
a decrease in speed, a decrease of the
power factor and a decrease in efficiency.

652
Short duration overloads (e.g. 150%
for 15 seconds) produce a
temperature rise that can normally be
dealt with by the motors cooling
system.
If overloading persists, the increased
temperature of the motor can lead to
a shortened motor life.


653
Other effects of overloading include:
a slight decrease in speed
decreased efficiency
decreased power factor
increased possibility of the motor stalling.
A stalled motor draws starting current and
produces large amounts of heat until the
protection system operates.

654
Some types of motors are given
restricted duty cycles. They can be
overloaded for a short time period, but
they must then be allowed to cool
down to room temperature.

655
When a motor is started, high current flows
and generates heat in excess of the normal
amount.
If a motor is subjected to frequent starting,
the heat is not sufficiently dissipated and the
motor windings suffer.
Drawing starting values of current (for
starting, reversing or braking) stresses the
windings. Unless the windings are designed
for this type of operation, the windings may
eventually become short-circuited.

656
Other abnormal conditions include
exposure to:
corrosive fumes
explosive vapour
dust
steam
salt air
high humidity
extremes of temperature.


657
Damage due to these factors is often
due to the selection of an incorrect
enclosure.
The motor must be rated for the
conditions under which it will operate.

658
Probably the most common abnormal
operating condition for single-phase motors
is encountered with centrifugal switch failure.
If the centrifugal switch does not open, the
start windings will overheat and can be
permanently damaged.
If the centrifugal switch does not close, the
motor will not start and the starting current
will cause excessive heating of the run
winding and it can be permanently damaged.

659
If the centrifugal switch fails in either
way, the heat in one winding can be
transferred to the other winding, and
without the intervention of the motor
protection device the motor can be
damaged.

660
Quick quiz
1. Which type of single-phase motor has copper
rings embedded in one side of its salient poles?
2. Which type of single-phase motor can also
operate from a DC supply?
3. Which type of single-phase motor has two
identical windings and a reversing switch?
4. Which type of single-phase motor has high torque
and is suitable for use in air conditioners?
5. Which type of single-phase motor has two
dissimilar windings and is used for washing
machines?

661
Quick quizanswers
1. The shaded-pole motor
2. The series universal motor
3. The permanently split capacitor motor
4. The capacitor-start, capacitor-run motor
5. The split-phase motor


662
Summary
A single-phase supply produces a
stationary, pulsating magnetic field
when it is connected to a motor. While
this field will cause a rotor to continue
rotating, it will not produce a starting
torque.
Different types of single-phase motors
use different methods for producing a
rotating magnetic field.

663
Summary (continued)
The split-phase motor has two dissimilar
windings which are out of phase.
The phase difference and the physical
displacement of the two windings around
the stator produces a rotating magnetic
field.
The induced current in the rotor produces
a magnetic field and the interaction of
these two fields causes motor action.


664
Once the motor reaches 75% of the full
load speed, the start winding is
disconnected from the supply by a
centrifugal switch.
The cross field of the rotor interacts
with the stator field and a rotating
magnetic field results. Thus the motor
continues to spin even if the start
winding is disconnected.

Summary (continued)

665
Summary (continued)
The addition of a capacitor in series
with the start winding causes a greater
phase difference between the start and
run windings and therefore a greater
starting torque. This is known as the
capacitor-start motor.


666
The capacitor-start, capacitor-run
motor has two windings permanently
connected to the supply.
One of these windings is connected in
series with a capacitor. During starting
an additional capacitor is connected to
increase the starting torque.

Summary (continued)

667
The capacitor-start, capacitor-run motor
has:
improved locked rotor and breakdown
torque
improved full load efficiency
improved full load power factor
reduced operational noise and vibration.
The capacitor-start, capacitor-run motor is
suitable for heavy loads where high
starting torque and quietness are required.
Summary (continued)

668
The permanently split capacitor motor
has two identical windings and a
reversing switch that controls the
connection of a capacitor in series with
one of the windings.
It is suitable for low torque applications
that require ease of motor reversal
such as ceiling fans.
Summary (continued)

669
The shaded-pole motor has a shading
ring embedded in one side of each of
its salient poles.
The magnetic axis shifts across the
pole face thus producing a rotating
magnetic field and hence a starting
torque.
This type of motor is simple and robust,
with a low starting torque.
Summary (continued)

670
The series universal motor consists of
a wound armature that is connected in
series with the field winding through
carbon brushes.
This motor has good starting and
running torque and it can operate from
either an AC or a DC supply.
Summary (continued)

671
Compared to three-phase motors,
single-phase motors:
are noisier
are physically larger for the same power output
draw higher current for the same power output
are not self-starting
are more difficult to reverse
may have energy supplier limitations
are easier to manufacture
only require a single-phase supply.
Summary (continued)

672
Abnormal operating conditions for
single-phase motors include:
voltage fluctuation
higher operating temperatures
frequency variation
overloading
frequent starting
inappropriate external conditions
malfunction of the starting switch.
Summary (continued)

Jenneson6e Vol2 PPT Ch06

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PowerPoint slides t/a Jenneson and Harper, Electrical Principles for the Electrical Trades (Machines) 6e, Vol 2

Slides prepared by Andrew OConnell

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