Prof. Dr. Riza Atiq Abdullah O.K. Rahmat PROPOSED KAJANG URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PREPARED BY: 1- Haydar abd alrazaq jasim P71089 2- Duaa Yiheya Abdulameer P71078 3- Abdulla Ahmed Wadee P67185
Introduction Traffic lights Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, traffic lamps, signal lights, robots and semaphores. Are signaling devices positioned at or near road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control competing flows of traffic. Traffic lights were first installed in 1868 in London, United, now used in almost every city of the world. Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to road users by displaying lights of a standard color (red, yellow/amber, and green) following a universal color code (and a precise sequence to enable comprehension by those who are color blind). In the typical sequence of color phases: Illumination of the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, if it is safe to do so Illumination of the yellow/amber light denoting prepare to stop short of the intersection, if it is safe to do so Illumination of the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding Usually, the red light contains some orange in its hue, and the green light contains some blue, said to be for the benefit of people with red-green color blindness Single aspects
The simplest traffic light comprises either a single or a pair of colored aspects that warns any user of the shared right of way of a possible conflict or danger. Flashing Red: Treat as a stop sign. Also can signal the road is closed. Flashing Yellow: Caution, crossing or road hazard ahead Flashing Green: Varies among jurisdiction; can give permission to go straight as well as make a left turn in front of opposing traffic (which is held by a steady red light), or can indicate the end of a green cycle before the light changes to a solid yellow 1) To upgrade current situation of traffic flow 2) To ensure the safety of the traffic users 3) To give real time information to the users 4) To propose mechanism of action during incident/breakdown Study Objective Site visit & Data Collection Determination of Phasing Sequences Determination of Green Time Split & Cycle Time Determination of Offset Proposed Solution Conclusion & Recommendation Study Methodology Case study Intersection 1 Bil Vehicle Passenger Car Unit 1 Car / van / jeep / mpv 1 2 Lorry < 5 ton 1.75 3 Lorry > 5 ton 2.25 4 Trailer 3 5 Mini Bus 2.5 6 Bus 2.75 7 Motorcycle 0.35 Factor table Phas e Traffic Flows in 1 hour Total Car Lorry< 5ton Lorry >5ton Traile r Min i Bus Bus M/cycl e (pcu/hr ) 1 810 30 10 0 2 1 250 990 2 1,110 13 7 0 0 2 350 1,277 3 752 2 0 0 0 0 340 875 PCU UNIT 1 1.75 2.25 3 2.5 2.75 0.35 Data of intersection Pha se Number of Lanes Saturation Flow per Lane (pcu/hr) Saturation Flow (pcu/hr) Actual Flows (pcu/hr) Flow / Saturatio n Flow Ration Green Time Split 1 2 1800 3600 990 0.27 0.31 2 2 1800 3600 1,277 0.35 0.402 3 2 1800 3600 875 0.25 0.287 Total Y= 0.87
Loss time Amber time = 2 sec Red time = 3 sec L= 3 *(2+3) = 15 sec Cycle time (C 0 ) = 1.5 L + 5 / 1- Y = 1.5*(15)+5 / 1-0.87=212 sec Effective green time = 212 15 = 197 sec Phase -1- green time = 197 * 0.31 =61.07 = 61 sec Phase-2- green time = 197 *0.4 = 78.8 = 79 sec Phase-3- green time = 197 *0.28 = 55.16= 55 sec Total of green time = 61+79+55= 195 sec Total of amber & all red time =3 * (2+3) = 15 sec Cycle time = 195 + 15 = 210 sec Intersection 2 Bil Vehicle Passenger Car Unit 1 Car / van / jeep / mpv 1 2 Lorry < 5 ton 1.75 3 Lorry > 5 ton 2.25 4 Trailer 3 5 Mini Bus 2.5 6 Bus 2.75 7 Motorcycle 0.35 Factor table Phas e Traffic Flows in 1 hour Total Car Lorry< 5ton Lorry >5ton Traile r Min i Bus Bus M/cycl e (pcu/hr ) 1 552 12 3 0 0 1 216 658 2 850 35 16 0 2 2 228 1,038 3 390 3 1 0 0 0 220 475 4 900 42 19 0 0 3 380 1,139 PCU UNIT 1 1.75 2.25 3 2.5 2.75 0.35 Data of intersection Phase Number of Lanes Saturation Flow per Lane (pcu/hr) Saturation Flow (pcu/hr) Actual Flows (pcu/hr) Flow / Saturatio n Flow Ration Green Time Split 1 2 1800 3600 658 0.18 0.2 2 2 1800 3600 1,038 0.29 0.32 3 2 1800 3600 475 0.13 0.14 4 2 1800 3600 1,139 0.31 0.34 Total Y= 0.91
Loss time Amber time = 2 sec Red time = 3 sec L= 4 *(2+3) = 20 sec Cycle time (C 0 ) = 1.5 L + 5 / 1- Y = 1.5*(20)+5 / 1-0.91= 389 sec Effective green time = 389 20 = 369 sec Phase -1- green time = 369 * 0.19 =70.11.07 = 70 sec Phase-2- green time = 369 *0.31 = 114.39 = 114 sec Phase-3- green time = 369 *0.14 = 51.6= 52 sec Phase-4- green time = 369 *0.34 = 125.46= 125 sec Total of green time = 70+114+52+125= 361 sec Total of amber & all red time =4 * (2+3) = 20 sec Cycle time = 361 + 20 = 381 sec Intersection
Cycle time C (sec )
Effective Green time Ge (sec)
1 210 195 2 381 361 Summary of results Calculation of cycle time: After calculation of cycle time with Webster method, the highest cycle time was for intersection 2 and it was equal to 381 seconds. So adjust all intersection using Cycle Time 381 seconds. Intersection 1: Cycle time = 381 sec Total of amber and all red time = (3+2) x3=15 sec
Total green time = 381-15= 366 sec Phase 1 green time = 366* 0.31=113.46sec =114sec Phase 2 green time =366 *0.402=147.1sec= 147sec Phase 3 green time = 366*0.28=105.042sec=105 sec Green time (sec ) Phase 114 1 147 2 105 3 366 Total Intersection 2:
Cycle time = 381 sec
Total of amber and all red time = (3+2) x4= 20sec
Total green time = 381-20 =361sec
Phase 1 green time =361*0.2= 73sec Phase 2 green time =361*0.32= 115sec Phase 3 green time = 361*0.14 =51sec Phase 4 green time = 361*0.34 =122 sec
Green time (sec ) Phas e 73 1 115 2 51 3 122 4 361 Total Calculation of offset time :
Offset time : L/S - ( Qh+ loss) Where Q = Number of vehicles queued per lane, vehicle. h = Discharge Headway of queued vehicle in seconds/vehicle. Typical value of h is 2 seconds / vehicle. S = Average Speed in meter in second L = Distance between intersections in meter Loss1 = Loss Time associated with vehicles starting from rest at the first downstream signal (2 seconds can be used as a default). -1-offset1
S= 10 m/s L1= 1600 m Q1= 12 veh h=2 sec per veh loss =2 sec Offset1 =1600/10-(12x2+2) =134sec phase Green time 1 55 2 71 3 34 total 160 RELATIVE OFFSET= 134 , ABSOLUTE OFFSET=134 intelligent urban traffic system PROPOSED URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The following applications are linked up to form an intelligent UTMS in order to solve the problems in the study area. Traffic Control Center Automatic and Intelligent Traffic Control Traffic Surveillance System Traveler Information System A good communication system is very for the following purposes: 1-Synchronization of controller timer at each intersection for offset implementation. 2-Exchange of traffic data between controllers. 3-Malfunction reporting from each controller to the control room. 4-Incident reporting to the control room. BALANCE SYSTEM Respond automatically to traffic demands A responsive system adjusts its control to react to changing inputs from its traffic detectors Able to deal with priority requests for special vehicles (e.g. public transport ,ambulances, fire engines) Recognize unexpected incidents and trends over time the full adaptive traffic system Implementing smart traffic controlling Using suited parking area during peak hours Using the public transportation as alternative mode to travel Applying congestion pricing during peak hours Using alternative routes for Kajang area during peak hours Mitigation of Traffic Congestion Logical Architecture
Contrary to centralised control, the proposed system is based on a fully distributed system. In this system, all timings are calculated by the local signal controller. Coordination with adjacent intersections is possible if each controller can provide its neighbors with some information about its status, its future timing strategy and the time at which it expects the vehicles to leave its intersection before the controller starts optimising the signalised intersection under its control.
Physical Architecture
Physically the system consists of three basic components, namely the sensor (either inductive loops, smart camera or infra red system) for collecting traffic data, the controller for controlling traffic flows at an individual intersection and coordinator for coordinating the timing of an individual controller with its neighbours The Local Area Network (LAN) approach is proposed to link up all controllers. Each computer or microprocessor at the traffic light controller is given an IP (Internet Protocol) address. Each computer will share traffic data and timing with its neighbours for coordination purposes. In case where proactive control is required such as giving priority to an emergency vehicle, the computer at the control room will override the timing at each intersection with pre-determined timing that gives priority flows for an intended route .
A good communication system is very crucial in an urban traffic control for the following purposes:
Synchronization of controller timer at each intersection for offset implementation. Exchange of traffic data between controllers. Malfunction reporting from each controller to the control room. Incident reporting to the control room. Use of the smart camera for surveillance purpose. Data compilation at the control room would be used for the benefit of road users and research purposes.
Communication Sensor is a crucial element in an intelligent traffic control. The most common sensor is inductive loop. It is very common in vehicle actuated system to detect vehicle presence. It is also very common in an urban traffic control system to count the number or to measure headway of approaching vehicles. However, the main drawback of the inductive loop is its failure to measure queue length accurately. Another type of sensor is video detection system. This system is very flexible and able to carry out traffic count and measure queue length accurately. The price of commercial video detection system is very high as compared to inductive loop system. However a local institution has developed a low cost video detection system with the same capability as the commercial system.
Sensor CCTV System 1. Incident Detection
2. Classify Vehicles
3. Traffic Counting
4. Measuring Vehicles Speed
5. Other Beneficial Items 1. Incident Detection 1 -Operated through video image processing by observing pixels on detection lines drawn across traffic lanes on monitor to detect incident.
2- Installation of loop detector is not required (which would cause traffic disturbance
2. Classify Vehicles 1- Used to classify vehicles by measuring the pixel in passenger car unit on the screen.
2- Differentiate the pixel by using varies colour array would be another possible option.
3. Traffic Counting By observing a few pixels for each traffic lane, which are considered as detectors, of which, the pixel values will surge or shrink drastically every time a vehicle passes the detectors. A computer programme is then written to count this surge or shrinkage.
4. Measuring Vehicles Speed PROPOSED TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER The Traffic Control Center (TCC) is the hub where all of the Kajang City traffic control systems are monitored. The TCC is proposed to be located at the Kajang Town Municipal Council Building and allows the various components of traffic management (signals, control boxes, real time video and simulations) to be effectively managed by a team of traffic engineers who monitor and maintain signals throughout the city. TCC would serve as the main operational and control point for traffic signals.
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PROPOSED AUTOMATIC AND INTELLIGENT URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL Automatic and intelligent traffic control is a key measure in urban traffic management, and thisis reflected in the number of urban traffic control (UTC) systems in use today. UTC is therefore a key application within UTMCsystems. UTC include ITS applications that focus on traffic control devices, such as traffic signals, ramp metering, and the dynamic (or variable) message signs on highways that provide drivers real-time messaging about traffic or highway status.
Smart Eye TDS enables monitoring of road traffic and automatic intervention in critical traffic situations. Smart eye TDS is based on a novel CMOS vision chip. The system determines the traffic status from the object data supplied by the chip in the integrated signal processor. The smart eye Centre enables simple configuration and maintenance. The software can be installed on any Windows PC/notebook and enables comfortable remote maintenance. Smart eye Server enables the simple connection of smart eye sensors to your database. Traffic data is transmitted in a format similar to XML.
Traffic Data Sensor (TDS) WavetronixSmartSensor HD is another option of smart sensor. The WavetronixSmartSensor HD uses the latest technology to collect consistently accurate traffic data in high definition. Patented Digital Wave Radar II measures traffic volume, individual vehicle speed, average speed, 85thpercentile speed, average headway, average gap, lane occupancy, vehicle classification and presence. Operating at five times the bandwidth, SmartSensor HD has five times the resolution of the original SmartSensor, a detection range of 250 feet and the ability to detect up to 10 lanes of traffic simultaneously
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Wavetronix SmartSensor HD PROPOSED SMART SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM The smart surveillance system consists of the smart cameras and the microprocessors which are connected to the control room computer. The integration of these advanced image sensors with high-performance processors into an embedded system facilitates new application classes such as smart cameras.Smart cameras not only capture images or video sequences, they further perform high-level image processing. PROPOSED TRAVELLER INFORMATION SYSTEM Variable Message Sign (VMS)
Car Navigation System
SMS/MMS System or Personal Digital Assistant Variable Message Sign (VMS) Car Navigation System SMS/MMS System or Personal Digital Assistant CONCLUSION The system could not be coordinated to optimize a group of traffic controllers because its actions are unpredictable. Multi-plan timing system could be set based on computed timing that gives It is undeniable that setting up a ITS system in this Kajang town area would be a very wise decision as it will help to lessen the congestion in Kajang and also will benefits the town here as has smoother traffic flow.
ITS BENEFITS Improve the transportation network operational performance Enhance the mobility and convenience Increase driver and pedestrian safety Boosting productivity, economic, and employment growth Delivering environmental benefits