Oil Spill Management

Oil is a actually natural component of the marine

ecosystem
But increased use of oil as a:
fuel source and
industrial raw material
Submarine hydrocarbon seeps continually release oil into
the marine environment (approx. 250,000 tonnes a year)
Oil Pollution
Increased extraction from marine areas
Increased transport of oil by a marine route
More instances of human error & cut corners
Warfare in oil producing areas
Causes increased oil pollution
At Sea Oil Pollution & Spills
The bulk of oil spilt at sea is not from tanker accidents at
sea but leaks/spillages account for much:
oil rigs (2%)
routine tanker operations/filling (7%)
and coastal refineries & marine terminals (1.6%)
Much pollution from these tankers comes
- from discharges when tanks are cleaned at sea (21%)
But half of the world's extracted oil is transported by
sea in super tankers.
After a oil is offloaded
some clings to the side of the oil tanks
At Sea oil pollution
This clingage = 800 tonnes for a 200,000 tonne tanker
The empty tanker takes on water in its tanks to
provide ballast
The contaminated water was dumped at sea before the
tanker came into port to refill
The clingage mixes with this ballast water.
Tank Cleaning
The largest oil spill
1991 - Gulf War:
9,000,000 barrels
(378,000,000 gallons)

1979 - Bay of
Campeche, Ciudad del
Carmen, Mexico:
140,000,000 gallons
The largest tanker accident spills
From: http://www.itopf.com/stats.html
Gallons
88,000,000





30,786,000







10,900,000
Impact depends on type of oil
Petroleum or non-
petroleum based

Petroleum based oils
Light oils (e.g. kerosene)
generally evaporate
Heavy oils (e.g. crude)
generally do not break
down sink and form
tar balls
Persistent residues
(e.g. mousse or tar balls)
Tar balls may be
eventually broken
down by bacteria
http://www.itopf.com/fate.html
Impact of oil on organisms
Direct physical contact

Inhalation or ingestion of toxic components

Loss of food resources
Impact of oil on organisms
Birds and furred
mammals
Loss of insulating
properties
Ingestion of toxic
substances (esp. when
grooming)
Inhalation of toxic
volatile hydrocarbons
Marine mammals
Skin irritation
Clogging of baleen
plates
[Geraci (1990)]
Impact of oil on organisms
Marine turtles
Disturbance to
nesting habitat
Special habitats
coral reefs
tidal flats
mangrove
forests
Impact of oil on fisheries
Loss of breeding
habitats
Accumulation of
toxins
Poor taste
Impacts on sport
fishing
Oil spills also have major economic impacts by effecting
marine tourism
Cleanup
Spill location
Where the oil is spilled
Ocean conditions (e.g., wind, current)
Characteristics of the shoreline
Cleanup
Natural remedies
weathering, evaporation, oxidation, biodegradation, and
emulsification, sedimentation
From: http://www.itopf.com/fate.html
Cleanup
Human intervention
Booms,
Skimmers (remove floating oil)
Sorbants (absorb oil)
straw/peat/synthetic
Dispersing agents,
Gelling agents
(aid mechanical extraction)
Biological agents
(oil metabolizing microbes)
Mechanical washing
Trenches
Dredging



Boom
Skimmers
Exxon Valdez, 24 March 1989
The largest oil spill
in US history
35
th
largest single
spill in the world
Spilled 10.9 million
gallons of crude oil
(Alaska North Slope Crude)
into Prince William
Sound
Exxon Valdez
Three days after the spill a gale dispersed the oil slick and
foiled containment efforts
By June 20
th
the oil covered 28,500 km
2
40% of the oil stranded on beaches in Prince William Sound

1900 km of coast were oiled
But up to 5,221 km of shore line received oil contamination
900 km of coastline heavily oiled
20% of the original oil spill still remained on beaches in 1992
Oil was found in sediments nearly a decade later








Exxon Valdez - Impacts
Many areas of mussel (Mytilus trossulus) beds were
contaminated
These mussel beds retained hydrocarbons for a
considerable time double background levels 6 years
after the spill (Carls et al. 2001)
These persistent hydrocarbons in mussels may have
led to contamination of predator species
(Duffy et al. 1996; Sharp et al. 1996)

Also reduced survival rates in intertidal clam (Protothaca
staminea) even six years after the spill (Fukuyama et al. 2000)
20 species of fish showed effects of the oil including
genetic damage, physical deformities and reduced
abundance and growth (Jewett et al. 2002)
7-10 years after the spill fish were still showing
biochemical evidence of oil exposure (Jewett et al. 2002)









Exxon Valdez
3,500 to 5,500 sea otters (Enhydra lutris) oiled
200 harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)
The US Fish & Wildlife Service estimated 350,000
to 390,000 birds were killed
Total survival rate was 50.7% for birds, and 62%
for sea otters
Reduced survival rates were recorded in sea otters
a decade after the spill
[Monson et al. (2000); Bodkin et al. (2002); Dean et al. (2002)]
The cost of the sea otter rehabilitation program
was at least $51,000 per Sea Otter



Exxon Valdez
The spill clean up operation was massive:
11,000 personnel,
1,400 vessels and
85 aircraft involved
Total cost of the spill = c. $9.5 billion
The spill led to
1990 Oil Pollution Act
Established to improve the nations ability to prevent
and respond to oil spills
Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund




Legislation
1969 -International Convention on Civil Liability for
Oil Pollution Damage
1971 - International Convention on the Establishment
of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil
Pollution Damage
MARPOL (1973, 1978, 1983)
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships
Requires pollution prevention equipment on ships and prohibits
discharges within a certain distance of land
Credited for reducing oil pollution from shipping by 60%
1990 - International Convention on Oil Pollution
Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC)
Improves preparation and response to all types of major oils
spills


Nearly 43% of oil discharged into the marine
environment enters the oceans via urban storm drainage
systems & industrial discharges
In particular major sources of oil pollution are:
-oil spills and leaks during car maintenance &
-illegal discharge/dumping of waste oil
Tanker accidents account for less than 7% of the oil
discharged into the oceans
Marine Oil Pollution
Although the major source of marine oil pollution might
appear to be accidental oil spills, particularly large events
such as the Exxon Valdez
This accounts for 23x as much oil entering the marine
environment as tanker accidents
The atmospheric input from oil tanker traffic may be as
much as 3.75 million tonnes of hydrocarbons a year

But from evaporating hydrocarbons in oil tankers/storage
Atmospheric Oil Pollution
A major source of oil getting into the marine
environment is not from spills or discharges
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

PAHs are primarily produced during combustion
Natural e.g. bush fires
Anthropogenic:
vehicle exhausts
coal-fired power stations.
PAH contamination is also been associated with
oil spills [Kelly and Law, (1998); Law and Hellou, (2000)]
PAHs (esp. Benzo[a]pyrene) can combine with DNA to
produce an extremely carcinogenic compound
[Hansen and Shane (1994); Carvan and Busbee (2003)]

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

High rate of cancer in beluga whales (Delphinapterus
leucas) in the St. Lawrence Estuary ~ PAH
contamination [Martineau et al. (1994)]
Research conducted in the UK
- PAHs in coastal and estuarine waters and marine
sediments[Law et al. (1997); Woodhead et al. (1999)]
At one site, PAH contamination was high enough to
potentially cause the mortality of marine organisms
and about 15% of the samples analyzed could lead to
contaminant levels in marine organisms that might lead
to chronic health effects
Oil SPILL MANAGEMENT IN
PARADIP PORT
Oil Spill Contingency Plan at Port area
Paradip Port Trust (PPT) and Oil Companies are stakeholders in the
Oil Spill Management Plan at Paradip who shall act in co-ordination
with the Coast Guard in an oil spill scenario.

The Director General Coast Guard is the Central Co-ordinating
Agency for marine pollution response and has formulated the National
Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan, which stipulates the
organizational and operational details to effectively combat oil spill.

As per the Contingency Plan, Memorandum of Understanding
(MOU) has been signed between the Paradip Port Trust (PPT) and
Oil Companies including Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL) to
provide a Tier-I facility to combat oil spill within the port limit.

Oil Spill Levels and Responsibilities
TIER-I TIER-II TIER-III
Upto 700 MT of Oil
Spill. The responsibility
of managing this spill
rests with the owner of
the port or the
installation
Oil spill of more
than 700 MT and
upto 10000 MT.
These facilities are
to be set up under
the Indian Coast
Guard.
Oil spill more
than 10000 MT.
Shall involve
National and
International
support.
Percentage of spill quantity (Tonnes) reaching the coast/open boundaries
Facility Type of
Oil
Cause Spill Quantity
(Tonne)
Ppre-
Monsoon (%)
Monsoon (%) Post-
Monsoon (%)
SPM Crude Loading/
Un loading
112 60 76 85
Rupture along
the sub-sea
pipeline
66 68 59 73
Collision/
grounding
1000 80 96 80
N-Jetty HSD/
SKO
Loading/
Un loading
112 82 96 89
Collision/
grounding
1000 80 86 78
Old Oil
Jetty
HSD Loading/
Un loading
112 82 89 91
Collision/
grounding
1000 80 86 78
FO Loading/
Un loading
112 85 93 86
Collision/
grounding
1000 86 91 91
Existing Pollution Response Equipments
Paradip Port Trust is having following Pollution Response
equipments to tackle oil pollution up to Tier-I:
Item Quantity
Rigid Oil containment boom on a
hydraulically operated reel on
KALI
Rigid -- 500 M
Inflatable Oil containment boom 350
M each on hydraulically operated
reel with blower and portable blower
(2 sets on 2 pull back tugs)
Inflatable 700 M
Belt Skimmer 30cu.M/hr capacity
one on tug DURGA and one on tug
PARVATI
2nos.
Disk type Skimmer on KALI 1 no.
Existing Pollution Response Equipments
Paradip Port Trust is having following Pollution Response
equipments to tackle oil pollution up to Tier-I:
Item Quantity
Portable Skimmer in the store 1 no.
Oil spill dispersant chemical 1000 litres
Oil dispersant spraying system fitted
on KALI
1 set
Portable spraying machine for OSD 2 nos.
Sorbent pads 140 bales X 100 sheets
Sorbent booms 8 nos.
Oil reception and storage capacity 400 Cu.M
Pollution Action Plan
Discover Oil Spill
SIGNAL STATION
(Port Control)
Deputy Conservator will
assess the level of Crisis
Action Group:
1. Harbor Master
2. Officer I/c, Pollution
Control Cell
3. Duty Pilot
4. Marine Site Office

1. Secretary
2. CE & ME
3. Chief Engineer
4. Material Manager
5. Chief Medical
Officer
6. Traffic Manager
7. CISF
Vessel Action:
a) Sound Alarm
b) Initiate Vessels
response plan
c) Cease all
cargo/bunkering
operation and close all
manifold valve
d) Advise back signal
station about the status
e) Action to contain spill
request additional
response
f) Keep engines in stand
by to vacate berth if
necessary
Disaster management group
headed by Coast guard Hea
quarter No.7
Takes over from action group
if pollution level is Tier-II or
more
PARADIP PORT
CRWS lift stations with oil removal facility.
Oil traps in storm water channel to the storm
water pond.
Huge Storm water pond. This will give enough
residence time for oil-water separation and
minimise the chances of instant oil flow from
refinery.
Baffle arrangement for overflow from Storm
Water Reservoir in case of exigency.
Finally, stop log (operable gate) in overflow
channel as part of disaster Management Plan.
5-Tier Oil Spill Management for PDRP