BUSHRA ZAFAR.

BILAL AHMAD.
HAJRA MASOOD.
SADAT IFTIKHAR.

BSIT 3RD SEMESTER.

MESTER 2006_2010.
 Introduction of topics
INPUT OUTPUT VIA EXTERNAL DEVICES.

I/O MODULES AND THEIR FUNCATIONS

I/O TECHNIQES

I/O CHANNEL AND PROCESSOR

External devices that provide a means of
exchanging data between the external
environment and the computer (both input and
output.
 Types of external devices.
Human readable:
communicating with the computer user

Example:
Monitor, printer, keyboard, mouse.
Machine readable:
communicating with equipment

Example:
Hard drive, CD ROM
Communication:

Communicating with remote devices.

Example :
network interface card or modem
Variable of I/O devices.

 I/O devices contain and transfer

different types of data as

text, Graphics, video, audio

The speed of data transfer (receive or

send) of devices varies as
e.g. laser printer = 106 bps
Why we use I/O modules?
CPU clock speed is greater ass compare to speed of I/O.
An interface is needed to link the I/O devices with system.

I/O modules act as interface between system (CPU/

memory) and I/O devices .

Bus
Functions of I/O modules.
The basic function of I/O modules are.
 Control and timing.
 Devices communication.
 Processor’ s communication.
 Error detection.
 Data buffering.
Control
 and
I/O module coordinate timing.
the flow
internal resources (CPU,RAM).
of data b/w external devices and

 check status of devices. (operating well or not).

Data transfer.

Device communication.
I/O devices communicate with system via I/O
module.
I/O device receive control signal and send interrupt signal to CPU
via I/O module.
I/O send status information to I/O module.
Processor’ s communication.
 I/O module communicate with I/O devices

 Accepting commands from CPU.

(read, write, seek, scan, record address).

 Exchange data.

 Check status of device (ready or busy).

 Recognize address of I/O devices in memory.

Error detection.
I/O module check I/O devices for error detection
periodically.
Mechanical errors as paper jam.
Electrical error as fluctuating power supply.

Data buffering.
Data is buffered (temporarily stored) in I/O modules.
I/O module receive data from memory ,buffered it, send to I/O
device at it’s rate.
I/O module receive data from I/O device and send to memory
at it’s rate.
Input output techniques.
Programmed I/O.
CPU transfer data between I/O device and memory.

 Interrupt driven I/O.

CPU transfer data and also execute other programs.

Direct memory access.

DMA controller transfer data independently.
Programmed I/O.
CPU issues I/O command to I/O module.
Control signals.
Check status of I/O.
Read and write commands.
I/O modules performs tasks.
CPU waits for completion of task
Status registers of i/o is updated after completion of task.
CPU check status of I/O .
Programmed I/O.
CPU ISSUE
COMMNADS

I/O MODULE
PERFORM TASK

I/O MODULE
UPDATE
STATUS
REGISTER.

CPU
CHECK
STATUS
Issues of programmed I/O.
The CPU needs waits for completion of data transfer.

CPU check the status of I/O module.

 programmed I/O waste time and misuse CPU.

Ultimately degrade system performance.

Interrupt driven I/O.
CPU issues I/O commands to I/O module.
(does not wait for completion , it continues executing
subsequent instructions.)

I/O modules upload data from I/O devices.

I/O modules send interrupt to CPU. (device is ready)
CPU send commands for data transfer.
I/O modules transfer data.
Interrupt driven I/O.
CPU ASSIGN
TASK

I/O MODULE
LOAD DATA

I/O SEND
INTERUPPT TO
CPU

CPU SEND
COMMANDS

DATA TRANSFER
COMPLETED
Direct memory access.
CPU assign task to DMA controller.
(Execute other programs)
DMA controller take over control of bus from CPU.
(cycle stealing).
DMA controller perform data transfer.
DMA send interrupt when completed.
Direct memory access.
CPU ASSIGN
TASK

DMA CONTROLER
TAKE OVER BUS

DMA CONTROLER
TRANSFER DATA

DMA SEND
INTERRUPT TO
CPU.
Structure of Programmed I/O and DMA.
DMA
 Evolutions of I/O techniques.
Processor directly controls device.
Processor uses Programmed I/O.
Processor uses Interrupts.
Processor uses DMA.
Some processing moved to processors in I/O module
that access programs in memory and execute them on
their own without CPU intervention (I/O Module
referred to as an I/O Channel).

Distributed processing where I/O module is a computer

in its own right(I/O Module referred to as an I/O
Processor).
Types of I/O channels
(a) Selector:
Each device or a small set of device is handled by
a controller.

(b) Multiplex channel :

Multiplex devices are handled by a single controller.
controller is called multiplexer
Types of
I/O
??

Thanks for your

Attention.