Barbat Alexandru

Coconet Rares
Iacob Rares
Valcauan Sergiu

Transportation is important because it facilitates trade, exchange and
travel. Without effective transportation, regions are largely isolated from
each other. Effective, affordable transportation also plays a role in letting
people move to new areas.
The ship is the earliest form of transportation to have a significant effect
on trade, and ships still play a crucial role in transporting large quantities
of goods. Ships can operate on nothing more than the wind, mitigating
the needs for engines in the earliest designs.
The train revolutionized modern business, and it helped create the
modern world. Before the invention of the steam engine, goods had to be
transported in small amounts. The cost of purchasing foreign goods was
simply too high for many to afford, and goods that could not be shipped
by boat were prohibitively expensive for most of the middle class.
The airplane has made long-distance transportation a reality for many,
and people are able to travel across nations and around the world for
relatively low costs. While travel by rail is still popular, airplanes are
credited with making trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific travel a reality.
While airplane tickets can be expensive, they pale in comparison to the
cost of crossing an ocean by boat, and planes take only hours instead of
weeks or even months to get to their destination.


WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION?

Ship transport is watercraft carrying people (passengers) or goods (cargo). Sea
transport has been the largest carrier of freight throughout recorded history.
Although the importance of sea travel for passengers has decreased due to
aviation, it is effective for short trips and pleasure cruises. Transport by water is
cheaper than transport by air, despite fluctuating exchange rates and CAF
charges to account for such.
Ship transport can be over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or barge, over
oceans and lakes, through canals or along rivers. Shipping may be
for commerce, recreation or the military purpose. Virtually any material that
can be moved can be moved by water; however, water transport becomes
impractical when material delivery is highly time-critical.

SHIP TRANSPORTATION

TYPES OF BOATS

Ferries are a form of transport,
usually a boat or ship, but also other
forms, carrying (or ferrying)
passengers and sometimes their
vehicles.
Cruise ships are passenger ships used for
pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself
and the ship's amenities are considered an
essential part of the experience. Cruising has
become a major part of the tourism industry,
with millions of passengers each year.
Container ships are cargo ships that carry
their entire load in truck-size containers, in a
technique called containerization. They form
a common means of commercial intermodal
freight transport.
Tankers are cargo ships for the transport
of fluids, such as crude oil, petroleum
products, liquefied petroleum
gas, liquefied natural gas and chemicals,
also vegetable oils, wine and other food -
the tanker sector comprises one third of
the world tonnage.
MS INDEPENDECE OF THE SEAS
MS Independence of the Seas is a Freedom-class cruise ship operated by the Royal
Caribbean cruise line that entered service in April 2008. The 15-deck ship can
accommodate 4,370 passengers and is served by 1,360 crew. She was built in the Aker
Finnyards drydock in Turku, Finland, builder of Freedom of the Seas and Liberty of the
Seas, her sister ships of theFreedom class. At 154,407 gross tons, she joined Freedom of
the Seas and Liberty of the Seas as the largest cruise ships and passenger vessels yet built.
She is 1,112 feet (339 m) long, and typically cruises at 21.6 knots (40.0 km/h; 24.9 mph).
The vessel operates from Southampton, England and Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
Short History:
o The first earth tracks were created by humans carrying
goods and often followed by game trails. Tracks would be
naturally created at points of high traffic density;
o Then, with the Industrial Revolution, John Loudon
McAdam (17561836) designed the first modern highways;
o The modern history of road transport also involves the
development of new vehicles such as new models
of horse-drawn vehicles, bicycles, motor cars, motor
trucks and electric vehicles;



AUTOMOBILES
o An automobile, autocar, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used
for transporting passengers , which also carries its own engine or motor.
Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run
primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically
have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of
people rather than goods;
o The year 1886 is regarded the year of birth of the modern automobile -
with the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, by German inventor Karl Benz.
Motorized wagons soon replaced animal-drafted carriages, especially after
automobiles became affordable for many people when the Ford Model T
was introduced in 1908.


SPORTS CARS

o Sports cars started to appear in the late 40's with the introduction of
'sporting' road cars from now famous marques such as Ferrari, Jaguar,
Lotus and Porsche. In those days, the ethos of the sports car was a car
designed not only for the road but for motorsport competition as well.

TOP 3 FASTEST SPORTS CARS
No 3. Ultimate SSC
Aero
o Essentially a
modified version
of the SSC Aero,
the Ultimate is
powered by a V8
Twin Turbo
engine. All of
these
modifications give
this car a
maximum speed
of 257 MPH, and it
can go from zero
to 60 in only 2.7
seconds. It also
has a price of
$654,000.


NO 2. HENNESSY VENOM GT
o The Hennessy
Venom GT is
produced by
Hennessey
Engineering
Performance. It
also has about
1200
horsepower and
a price tag of $1
million.
o At the same
time, the car
itself can go
from zero to 60
mph in only 2.5
seconds and
from zero to
200 mph in 12.8
seconds.
NO 1. BUGATTI VEYRON SUPER SPORT
o This car
generates a
total of 1200
horsepower.
That is nearly
200 HP more
than last years
model.
o It also gives it a
top speed of
267 mph.
o Unfortunately,
this speed also
comes with a
hefty price tag
of $2,400,000.
TRAINS
For most of history, man moved
around through one of three methods
by walking, by animals or by boat.
After the invention of the wheel,
people made carts, wagons and
carriages that were pulled by horses,
oxen or even humans. Carriages moved
slowly and were often uncomfortable.
Later, people invented wagons that
were pulled by horses on tracks. The
tracks allowed the wagons to move
more quickly than if they were being
pulled on flat ground.

Types of locomotives

Steam locomotives
Diesel locomotives
Electric locomotives
Combined engines
Diesel Engine
This is the main power source for the locomotive. It comprises a large cylinder
block, with the cylinders arranged in a straight line or in a V (see more here). The
engine rotates the drive shaft at up to 1,000 rpm and this drives the various items
needed to power the locomotive. As the transmission is electric, the engine is
used as the power source for the electricity generator or alternator, as it is called
nowadays.



Main Alternator
The diesel engine drives the main alternator which provides the power to move the
train. The alternator generates AC electricity which is used to provide power for the
traction motors mounted on the trucks (bogies). In older locomotives, the alternator was
a DC machine, called a generator. It produced direct current which was used to provide
power for DC traction motors. Many of these machines are still in regular use. The next
development was the replacement of the generator by the alternator but still using DC
traction motors.
Motor Blower
The diesel engine also drives a motor blower. As its name suggests, the motor blower
provides air which is blown over the traction motors to keep them cool during periods of
heavy work. The blower output also cools the alternators. Whatever the arrangement, a
modern locomotive has a complex air management system which monitors the
temperature of the various rotating machines in the locomotive and adjusts the flow of air
accordingly.
Turbo Charging
The amount of power obtained from a cylinder in a diesel engine depends on how much
fuel can be burnt in it. The amount of fuel which can be burnt depends on the amount of
air available in the cylinder. So, if you can get more air into the cylinder, more fuel will be
burnt and you will get more power out of your ignition. Turbo charging is used to increase
the amount of air pushed into each cylinder. The turbocharger is driven by exhaust gas
from the engine. This gas drives a fan which, in turn, drives a small compressor which
pushes the additional air into the cylinder. Turbocharging gives a 50% increase in engine
power.

An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a powered fixed-wing
aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or
propeller. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes,
and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes
includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military,
and research.
Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some
are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled.

AIRPLANE
World Biggest Aircraft - The Antonov An-225 Mriya

TAKE OFF

the elevators at the back of the airplane
control whether the nose at the front of the
airplane points up or down. When the pilot
pulls the control stick back, the elevators tilt
up. This causes less lift, so the tail goes down.
When the tail goes down, the nose goes up.
This is called pitching up.
When the pilot pushes the control stick
forward, the elevators tilt down. When the
elevators tilt down, they create more lift in
the same way that the ailerons do. This
causes the tail to rise and the nose to point
down.

HOW IT WORKS ?

Bernoulli's principle

Objects that fly using wings get their lift by taking advantage of Bernoulli's principle.
Bernoulli's principle says that as a fluid's velocity increases its pressure decreases.
Airplanes and birds have an airfoil shape to each of their wings to produce lift. The
airfoil shape produces unequal lengths across the top and bottom of the wing. Air
splitting at the front of the wing must rejoin at the back of the wing so as not to
create a vacuum.
Since the top surface is curved upward and is longer it forces the air to move faster
across the top than the bottom. Faster moving fluids create less pressure, so the
bottom of the wing creates greater pressure producing lift.






As air speeds up, its pressure drops. So the faster-moving air moving over the wing
exerts less pressure on it than the slower air moving underneath the wing. The result
is an upward push of lift. In the field of fluid dynamics, this is known as Bernoulli's
principle.
STEERING

Airplanes have a control stick instead of a steering wheel. It looks a bit like a
joystick on a video game.
When the pilot moves the control stick to the right, the aileron on the right
wing tilts up and the aileron on the left wing tilts down. The right aileron makes
less lift when it tilts up and the left aileron makes more lift when it tilts down.
The airplane then rolls to the side with less lift in this case, to the right.
When the pilot moves the control stick to the left, the aileron on the left wing
tilts up and the aileron on the right wing tilts down. The airplane rolls to the
side with less lift, which is the left side this time.