Chapter 5:

Operational Amplifiers
Introduction

The operational amplifier or op-amp is a circuit of

components integrated into one chip.

A typical op-amp is powered by two dc voltages

and has an inverting(-) and a non-inverting input
(+) and an output.

An op amp is an electronic device which provides

a voltage output based on the voltage input
Basic op-amp
Op-amp has two inputs that connect to two terminals
and one output
Operational Amplifiers
Five important pins

! The inverting input

" ! The non-inverting input

# ! The output

$ ! The negative power supply %

-
(-%cc)

& ! The positive power supply %

+
(+%cc)
Operational Amplifiers

The output of the op amp is given by the following

e'uation(
%
d
) *
+
! *

and %
o
) A
%O,
(%
d
)

A
%O,
is called the open-loop voltage gain because it
is the gain of the op amp without any e-ternal feedbac.
from output to input
Operational Amplifiers

Positive Saturation !
where the output
voltage e-ceeds the
positive power input
Operational Amplifiers

Linear Region !
where the output
voltage is linear
based on A (gain)
Operational Amplifiers

Negative Saturation !
where the output
voltage would be less
than the negative
power input
Operational Amplifiers
What do they really look like?
IC Circuit
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers

An ideal op-amp has infinite gain and bandwidth/

we .now this is impossible.

0owever/ op-amps do have(

very high gain

very high input impedance(1
in
) 2)
very low output impedance (1
out
) 3)

wide bandwidth.
Application of opamp
1. eneral
!. "ilter and oscillator application
#. Comparator and detector
$. %pecial purpose ckt application and
5. %elected system application
Application in op-amp

There are types of application in op-amp

,inear application

4on-linear application

,inear application is where the op-amp operate

in linear region(

Assumptions in linear application(

5nput current/ 5
i
) 3

5nput voltage( %
+
)%
-

Feedbac. at the inverting input

4on-linear application is where the op-amp

operate in non-linear region

6y comparing these two input voltages(

positive input voltages/ %
+
and negative input
voltage/ %
-
where(
%
O
) %
77
if %
+
8 %
-
%
O
) -%
**
if %
+
9 %
-

5nput current/ 5
i
) 3
Application in op-amp
Applications of op-amp

7omparator

5nverter

Audio amplifier

:ifference Amplifier

Filter

;umming Amplifier

5nverting Amplifier

4on-5nverting Amplifier

;umming Amplifier

<nity Follower

:ifference Amplifier

5ntegrators

:ifferentiators
Op-amp Circuit Application
Application: In&ertin' amplifier

=rovide a constant gain multiplier

5nput signal is connected to the inverting input of the op-

amp. Therefore/ the output signal is +>3 degree out of
phase from the input signal

?
f
is the feed-bac. resistor to control the voltage gain of
the op-amp
%ummary of op-amp (eha&ior
%
o
) A(%
+
- %

)
%
o
@A ) %
+
- %

,et A infinity
then/
%
+
- %

3
V
+
= V

I
+
= I

= 0
;eems strange/ but the input terminals to an
op-amp act as a short and open at the same time
%ummary of op-amp (eha&ior
)o analy*e an op-amp circuit for linear
operation
ABrite node e'uations at + and - terminals
(5
i
)5
+
) 5
-

) 3)
A;et %
+
) %
-
A
;olve for %
o
Analysis of in&ertin' amplifier
I
1
I
f
I
i

V
+
0 I
i
0
I
1
I
f
+ I
i
V
s
V

R
1

V
o
R
f
V

V
+
0
V
o
V
s

R
f
R
1
V
o

R
f
R
1
V
s
Application:+on-in&ertin' amplifier
+on-in&ertin' confi'uration

,
_

+
1
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
1
0
;
0
:
; 0
:
R
R
V V
R
V V
R
V
V V insert
R
V V
R
V
so
I while
I I I
KCL use
V V V
i o
o i i
i
o
i
i
i
Vi
I
1
I
2
I
i
Application: %ummin' amplifier,can
(e used as summer- scalin' and
a&era'in' amplifer.
/irtual-'round e0ui&alent circuit.
%ummin' Amplifier, in&ertin'.
V
1
V
2
V
3
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
f
This circuit is called
a weighted summer

,
_

+ +

+ +

+ + +

+
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1
; 0
:
; 0
:
0
R
V
R
V
R
V
R V
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
V insert
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
so
I while
I I I I I
KCL use
V V
f o
f
o
f
o
i
Rf i R R R
Application: 1nity "ollo2er
1
V V
O

Application:
3ifference amplifier 4%u(tractor
) (
2 1
2
4
V V
R
R
V
O

4 3
2 1
R R
R R

Application
Adder %u(tractor
Application:
Instrumentation Amplifier
2
R
2
R
1
R
1
R
A
R
B
R
A
R
2
R
%ome other application includes

A7 Amplifier

%oltage to 7urrent

:7 Amplifier

7urrent to voltage

0alf wave rectifier

Full wave rectifier

7lipper

clamper

=ea. %alue
detector
5alf 2a&e rectifier
"ull 2a&e rectifier
67ercise 1
"ind /
O
?

%+)-. and v)3

%+)and v)3.+C
/18-&!81
67ercise !
"ind /
!
and /
#
?
67ercise #
"ind /
O
?
67ercise $
"ind /
O
?

,
_

,
_

1 exp
T k
qV
I I
D
s D
kelvins in re tempratu As!lute T
") 10 1#$ ( %&ar'e (le%tr!ni%
)1*
q
v!lta'e ias f!r+ar, Applie,
D
V
-./) 10 1#30 ( %!nstant s 1!lt2mann3
)23
k
%urrent saturati!n Reverse
s
I
Shockleys Equation
Diode: as logarithmic
device
The Major Problem: Dynamic range of diodes is too
less to be useful in any practical application
Logarithmic amplifier

,
_

,
_

1 exp
T k
qV
I I
D
s D
D
I i
1

,
_

,
_

1 exp
2
T k
qV
I
R
v v
D
s
in
D B
I I i +
1
R
v v
i
in 2
1

0
B
I

,
_

T k
qV
R I
v v
D
s
in
exp 1
2
out D
v v V
v

2
2
0

,
_

+
T k
qv
R I
v
out
s
in
exp 1

,
_

1 ln
R I
v
q
T k
v
s
in
out

,
_

R I
v
q
T k
v
s
in
out
ln
A I
R I v
s
s in
13
10

>
Exponential amplifier

,
_

,
_

1 exp
T k
qV
I I
D
s D
f D
i I
R
v v
T k
qV
I
out D
s

,
_

,
_

2
1 exp
B f D
I i I +
R
v v
i
out
f

2
0
B
I

,
_

T k
qV
R I
v v
D
s
out
exp 1
2
2
2
0
v v V
v
in D

,
_

T k
qv
R I
v
in
s
out
exp 1
1
]
1

,
_

kT
qv
R I v
in
s out
exp 1

,
_

kT
qv
R I v
in
s out
exp
0 >
in
v
Inte'rators

=ut capacitor in op amp feedbac. path

%
out
) - %
in
(1
f
@ ?
in
) ) - %
in
@ ( D f 7 ?
in
)

;imilar to low pass filter in high fre'uency limit

e-cept applies to low fre'uencies also

can show large gain near dc

?ecall %
+
E 3 forces 5
in
) -5
feedbac.

charge on capacitor is integral of 5

f

since %out ) F@7

f
/ %
out
is integral of 5
in

Result is integrator

integration speed E + @ ?
in
7
f
Integrator
R
in

-
+
V
in

V
out
C
f
V
1

I
in

I
f

log(V
out
V
in
!
log( f !
Unity gain at
f = ! " #$
%ain response
"hase
shift
log( f !
Phase response
#$% &egrees
% &egrees
Single#pole rolloff
' &(octa)e
* 1% &(&eca&e RC
%
+'%&(
%hunted inte'rator

,imit dc gain

Advantages(

dc input voltage no longer saturates op amp output

prevents servo runaway

:is-advantages

long term errors not well corrected by servo

log(V
out
V
in
!
log( f !
Unity gain at
f = ! " #
in
$
f
%ain response
"hase
shift
log( f !
Phase response
#$% &egrees
% &egrees
,ax gain * R
f
R
in
at f & ! " #
f
$
f
%
'hunted integrator
R
in

-
+
V
in

V
out
C
f
V
1

I
in

I
f

R
f

3eri&ation for re'ion of operation of
inte'rator and differentiator