TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS

Prepared by,
S.Balamurugan








Contents:

1. Basics of transformer
2. Functions of transformer
3. Types with respect to functions
4. Why fault occur in the transformer?
5. Causes of transformer failure
6. Types of Protections
7. Commissioning of transformers
8. Experiences with transformer





Transformer Basics

Erms=4.44fBaN
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER WITH RESPECT TO
FUNCTION

1. Power transformer
2. Instrument transformer
a. Current transformer
b. Potential transformer

CTs with its winding arrangement
CTs With its accuracy class
EXCITING CURRENT

KNEE
POINT
SEC
OND
ARY
VOL
TAG
E
Protective CT Characteristic
KNEE POINT
Metering CT Characteristic
Common practice to use 1A CT rather than
5A CT
5A CT 1A CT
CT sec resistance = 0.2
ohm
CT sec resistance = 5.0
ohm
Lead Resistance = 6.0
ohm
Lead Resistance = 6.0
ohm
Total = 6.2
ohm
Total = 11.0
ohm
Total burden = IR = 5x6.2 = 155VA Total burden = IR = 1x11 = 11VA
Max Voltage= 20x IR=20x5x6.2
=620V
Max Voltage = 20x IR = 20x1x11 =220V
Basic functions of Transformer

1. To reduce the transmission losses

2. To enable the voltage level to enable consume power
on the safe value

3. To ensure safe operation on nominal and overload
conditions

Why fault occur in the transformer?


1. Load on power transformer

2. The moisture

3.Deterioration of insulation

Causes of transformer Failures

1. Insulation failure
2. Design/Manufacturing error
3. Oil contamination
4. Overloading
5. Fire/Explosion
6. Line surge
7. Maintenance/Operation
8. Loose connections
9. Lightning
10. Moisture

Differential Protection
C
B
A
C
B
A
N
a
N
b
k
amp,a
k
amp,b
TRIPPLE SLOPE CHARCTERISTIC

K1 SLOPE:
Its ensures sensitivity to internal faults. Setting is 20% (15% for tap changer & 5% for CT ratio error)
As Per IEC 60044-1, for 10P type CTs maximum CT ratio error under heavy fault conditions -
(0.03+sin 2)= 6.5%. So We may adopt default value K1-30% where CTs ratio error of 6.5%.

K2 SLOPE:
Its ensures sensitivity under heavy through fault conditions. Setting is 80% (To avoid increasing of
differential current due to asymmetric saturation of CTs.

IS2 VALUE:
>150% for through fault conditions.

Is HS1 & HS2 SLOPE:
No blocking if the differential current exceeds the high set thresholds.

Hs1- 10 PU
Hs2-12 PU

2
nd
and 5
th
Harmonic:

2
nd
harmonic settings : 20%
5
th
harmonic settings : 10%

Id>1 : K1 * I bias
Id>> : (K1*Is2)+((K2*Ibias)-Is2))







STEADY STATE MAGNETIC INRUSH CURRENT
MAGNETIC INRUSH CURRENT DURING ENERGIZATION
TO FAVOUR THE KAMP
ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENT FILTERING
A
B
C
Winding a
with I
0
filtering without I
0
filtering
A
B
C
Winding b
REF Protections
Settings calculations for REF
CALCULATION OF Rstab









Over flux Protection V/F

Causes-

1. Generator starting/stopping.
2. Whenever through fault cleared

Usual Settings:

V/f alarm 2.44 V/Hz, 110%, 120 sec
V/f trip1 set -2.64 V/Hz, 120%, TMS-0.2
V/f trip2 set -2.86 V/Hz, 130%, 25 Sec
V/f trip3 set -3.08 V/Hz, 140%, 5 sec
V/f trip4 set -3.30 V/Hz, 150%, 1 sec



Buchholz relay


Other auxiliary relays

1. Oil surge relay

2. WT High alarm/trip

3. OT High alarm/Trip

4. PRV Trip

5. Fire protection

6. Oil low level protection


Commissioning of Transformer

1. Stability test for differential/REF

2. Relay settings

3. Pre commissioning check list


Stability test for GT












Ip=750000/400*1.732=1082 A
Ip at short circuit= 1082/0.145 = 7462 A
Is=(400/21)*1082=20609 A
Is while short circuit= 20609/0.145 = 142131 A

For 415V,

Ip= (7462/400)*0.415=7.741A
Is=(400/21)*7.741= 147.5A

At stable condition, Id= 0A, Ires should high.

At different conditions, differential, REF functions to be checked.








Any Queries?