Review of fundamentals

Mohrs Circle
Stresses in a plane
( )

= 0 x F
( )

= 0 y F
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) u t u o o o o o
u
2 sin 2 cos
2
1
2
1
xy y x y x
+ + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) u o o u t t
u
2 sin
2
1
2 cos
y x xy
=
Assume that
xy
= 0, and let
x
=
1
and
y
=
2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) u t u o o o o o
u
2 sin 2 cos
2
1
2
1
xy y x y x
+ + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) u o o u t t
u
2 sin
2
1
2 cos
y x xy
=
( ) ( ) ( ) u o o o o o
u
2 cos
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
+ + =
( ) ( ) u o o t
u
2 sin
2
1
2 1
=
( ) ( ) ( ) u o o o o o
u
2 cos
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
+ + =
( ) ( ) u o o t
u
2 sin
2
1
2 1
=
Analytical geometry for circles

Read the reading material:
Geometrical meaning of stress equations
Relationship between principal
stresses and max. shear stress
( ) ( )
2 2
max
4
2
1
2
1
) (
xy y x y x
P t o o o o o
u
+ + + = =
( ) ( )
2 2
min
4
2
1
2
1
) (
xy y x y x
Q t o o o o o
u
+ + = =
( )
2 2
min max,
4
2
1
xy y x
t o o t + =
2
max
Q P
= t
Mohrs
Circle
Procedure for plotting Mohrs Circle of
Stress (see pp. 16 18, Obert & Duvall)

1. Construct set of axes,
2. Plot
x
and
y
on

axis,
3. At
x
plot
xy
(if
xy
produces counter clockwise
couple, with shear diagonal positive, plot
xy

downwards)
4. At
y
plot
xy
(if
xy
produces clockwise couple, with
shear diagonal positive, plot
xy
up)
5. Join shear points A & B
6. Draw a circle at center C and diameter A B
7. P, Q,
max
, are as shown,
8. 2 is as shown
STUDY GUIDE:
Please try the following examples by yourself
Graphical meaning of principal
stresses and stress components
( ) ( )
2 2
max
4
2
1
2
1
) (
xy y x y x
P t o o o o o
u
+ + + = =
( ) ( )
2 2
min
4
2
1
2
1
) (
xy y x y x
Q t o o o o o
u
+ + = =
( )
2 2
min max,
4
2
1
xy y x
t o o t + =
2
max
Q P
= t
Graphical meaning of principal
stresses and stress components
( ) ( ) ( ) u o o o o o
u
2 cos
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
+ + =
( ) ( ) u o o t
u
2 sin
2
1
2 1
=
Invariants of stress
3 2 1 1
o o o o o o + + = + + =
z y x
I
STUDY GUIDE

The normal stresses change
with the direction at a point.
However, the summation of
the stresses in any three
perpendicular directions is a
constant.
Sketch the Mohr circles for the following stress
status.
1.
x
= 10,
y
= 2,
xy
= 3
2.
x
= 2,
y
= 10,
xy
= 3
3.
x
= 10,
y
= 2,
xy
= -3
4.
x
= 2,
y
= 10,
xy
= -3
5.
x
= -6,
y
= 2,
xy
= 3
6.
x
= -10,
y
= -2,
xy
= 3
Make sure you understand all the discusses
related to this example.

If you have difficult to understand the example,
you may want to study Study Guide 10 (down
below) and the associated slides and then go back
to this example.



STUDY GUIDE
Example
Given:

x
= 2000

y
= -800

xy
= -1000
Find:
P = ? Q = ? = ?

max/min
= ?

and

for = 22.5
( ) ( )
2 2
4
2
1
2
1
xy y x y x
P t o o o o + + + =
( ) ( ) ) 10 ( 4 2800
2
1
1200
2
1
6
2
+ + =
( )
6 6
10 * 4 10 * 84 . 7
2
1
600 + + =
2320 84 . 11 500 600 ~ + =


Using equations
( ) ( )
2 2
4
2
1
2
1
xy y x y x
Q t o o o o + + =
1140 ) ( = Q
( )
2 2
min max,
4
2
1
xy y x
t o o t + =
1740
min max,
= t
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

2800
) 1000 ( 2
tan
2
1
2
tan
2
1
1 1
1
y x
xy
o o
t
u
)
`

=

2800
2000
) ( tan
2
1
1
{ } 715 . 0 ) ( tan
2
1
1
=


Or
tan2 = (-) 0.715
tan2 = (-) 0.715
Angle will either be in 2
nd
or 4
th
quadrant
Simple stress diagram has told us
135 <
1
<180,
therefore
270 < 2
1
< 360
Looking up tangent in tables

2
1
= 36
2
1
= 360 36 = 324

1
= 162
Considering analytically the values of

and

on a plane at = 22.5
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) u t u o o o o o
u
2 sin 2 cos
2
1
2
1
xy y x y x
+ + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) 45 sin 1000 ) ( 45 cos 2800
2
1
1200
2
1
+ + =
283 600 ) 707 . 0 ( 1000 ) 707 . 0 ( 1400 600 + = + =
883 ~
u
o


( ) ( ) ( ) u o o u t t
u
2 sin
2
1
2 cos
y x xy
=
980 707 ) 707 . 0 )( 2800 (
2
1
) 707 . 0 )( 1000 ( = =
1687 ) ( =
u
t

The following two slides are used for further
demonstrating the importance of principle
stresses.

The example also demonstrates the concept of
invariants of stress discussed earlier




STUDY GUIDE 10
The four general steps discussed in the following
slides are extremely useful for plotting the Mohr
circle and for calculating the stresses and for
determining the directions of these stresses.

You will have no problem for Mohr circle plotting
and stress calculation if you follow these steps
exactly.

Using the example just discussed to practice
these steps. Using these steps as a guide to solve
your homework problems.

STUDY GUIDE
Step 1: Stress diagram

Mark the stresses: directions and magnitude
Mark the shear diagonal
Mark the directions for major and minor
principle stresses (the magnitude of the normal
stresses are measured algebraically)
Mohrs Circle and stress calculations

2
y x
o o +
=
2
2
min max,
4
) (
xy
y x
t
o o
t +

=
Step 2: Estimate the center and radius
of the Mohrs Circle
Radius: maximum shear stress, =
Center: average stress
Step 3: Drawing the Mohrs circle
Estimate the location and size of the Mohrs
circle
Mark two normal stresses ((the magnitude of
the normal stresses are measured
algebraically)
Mark two corresponding shear stresses
(using right-hand rule)
Drawing the circle
Mark the point representing x-plane, and then
the point for y-plane
Step 4: Principal stresses (P and Q)
and their directions
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

y x
xy
o o
t
u
2
tan 5 . 0
1
1

90
1
+ u
2
u
Calculating P and Q
and
one is corresponding to P.
Calculating
and determining which
Calculating
Homework 1
1) shear diagonal and approximate position of maximum
principal stress
2) major and minor principal stresses
3) angle
1
between the major principal stress and the x-
axis
4) maximum shear stress and angle
2
between the
maximum shear stress planes and the x-axis
5) normal and shear stress on a plane which makes an
angle of 30 with x-axis.
Verify the results using the Mohrs circle diagram.
2. Given the following state of stress,
1) determine 1 5 as in the previous
problem, and
2) verify the results using the Mohrs
circle diagram