Foundations of Public

Administration

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG
MAYNILA

Professor Rola

May 2012
Group I

AMORES, Teresita
ANDRES, Emelyn
ANGELES, Francus
ARGARIN, Ma. Teresa
BACOLOD, Mary Grace
BALDERAMOS, Socorro
BALTAZAR, Marilou
Group I Report
I. Introduction
a. What is Public Administration
b. The practice and discipline of Public
Administration
c. Public and Private Administration
d. The scope of Public Administration

II. Bureaucracy
a. Concept of bureaucracy and Evolution
b. Growth of Philippine bureaucracy
c. Structure and models of Philippine bureaucracy
d. Direction and Control : Civil Service and Audit
e. Problem of Philippine bureaucracy

III. Issues and Concerns on Philippine Public
Administration and Philippine Bureaucracy

a. Philippine Public Administration in the 2000s
b. AFP expose of Heidi Mendoza



Group I Report
I.a What is Public Administration ?

PUBLIC People or
Government a formal group of people

ADMINISTRATION / ADMINISTRATE -
Manage / Management
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK : Public Administration

JUDICIARY EXECUTIVE LEGISLATIVE
(GOVERNMENT)

POPULACE
LAWS

PROGRAMS

JOBS

SECURITY

WELLNESS

SUPPORT /
RALLY

ELECTION

PUBLIC
OPINION

TAXES


I.a What is Public Administration ?

An essential tool of government in the
performance of achieving its functions
Productive partner of politics in bringing the
affairs of government to the people
An effective instrument of the governments
serving the citizens and a way of encouraging
people participation in the government
Formulation of public policies and the
implementation of government programs
In toto : Government in Action

Source : Public Administration by J. Leveriza
Practice and Discipline of Public
Administration
I.b Practice of Public Administration

- is a cooperative group effort in a public setting
- covers all three branchesexecutive,
legislative, and judicial and their
interrelationships
- has an important role in the formulation of
public policy, and is thus part of the political
process
- different in significant ways from private
administration.

Source : Modern Public Administration by F. Nigro
I.b Discipline of Public Administration


As a form of ART

- Is the direction, coordination and control of
many persons to achieve some purpose or
objectiveusing human and physical resources
available to achieve set goals. (Leonard White)


I.b Discipline of Public Administration


As a form of SCIENCE

- science of human interaction that is
susceptible to objective investigation and
analysis (Victor Thompson)

- body of formal statements describing
invariant (Victor Thompson)


CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK : Public Administration

JUDICIARY EXECUTIVE LEGISLATIVE
(GOVERNMENT)

POPULACE
LAWS

PROGRAMS

JOBS

SECURITY

WELLNESS

SUPPORT /
RALLY

ELECTION

PUBLIC
OPINION

TAXES


ISSUE : Philippine Public Administration in the
2010s

Philippine Public Administration as Good Governance

Catalytic government: steering rather than rowing
Community-owned government: empowering rather
than serving
Competitive government: injecting competition into
service delivery
Mission-driven government: transforming rule-driven
organizations
Results-oriented government: funding outcomes, not
inputs
Customer-driven government: meeting the needs of
the customer not their bureaucracy
ISSUE : Philippine Public Administration in the
2010s

Philippine Public Administration as Good Governance

Enterprising government rather than spending
Anticipatory government: prevention rather than cure
Decentralized government: from hierarchy to
participation and teamwork
Market-oriented government: leveraging change
through the market


Source : IS THERE A PHILIPPINE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION?
by Alex Brillantes, Jr. and Maricel Fernandez
The Scope of Public Administration
as an Activity :
Broadly speaking, Public Administration
embraces all the activities of the
government. public administration,
provides a number of welfare and social
security services to the people.
Public Administration covers every area
and activity within the ambit of public
policy.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION activities may be
classified into four broad categories:
Government activities under taken to protect
society as a whole. This includes national
services like police, fire and jail. Education and
environment.

Government activities designed to provide
assistance to economic and social groups.

Government activities undertaken in the exercise
of proprietary and corporate powers. This
includes ownership and operation of government-
owned or government controlled enterprises,
better known as public enterprises.

Government activities undertaken to regulate
business, trade and manufacturing.
The Scope of Public Administration as a
Discipline:
The Scope of Public Administration as a discipline,
that is the subject of studies, comprises of the following:

The POSDCoRB View
Planning
Organization
Staffing
Directing
Coordinating
Reporting
Budgeting
The Subject Matter View
Public Administration deals not only with the
processes but also with the substantive matters
of administration
Differences between Public Administration
and Private Administration
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Broad field of administration
Official actions are based on public trust
carrying legal accountability
Relatively routine decision-making
procedure
Maintenance of internal status quo
Actuations subject to public criticism
Government corporations restricted by
requirements of fiscal accountability
foreign to corporate device.
PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION
Limited field of administration
Not necessarily based on public
trust, limited legal accountability
Unlimited in decision-making
process
Dynamic entrepreneurship

Not normally subjected to public
criticism
No such restrictions

Although it varies in forms and objects, and although the administration of public
and private affairs differs at many points, "there is similarity, if not identity, in process
where ever observed" says Leonard White

CONCEPT OF BUREAUCRACY
AND EVOLUTION
Bureaucracy is:
A specific form of social organization for
administrative purposes
Reflected in certain specific forms of
organizational behavior; hierarchy, subdivision,
specialization, fixed ways of doing things and
professionalization.
Type of hierarchical organization which is
designed rationally to coordinate the work of
many individuals in pursuit of large-scale
administrative tasks.

In bureaucratically organized systems, authentic
authority, which binds the various levels together,
orginates at the top and passess through the
organizations as managers delegate it downward.

Growth of Philippine Bureaucracy
Structurally, the government is a
bureaucracy. Over the years,
bureaucracy has become the
dominant form of organization in
modern societies.
The observance of the classical
principles of organization produces
bureaucracy. However, this requires
certain conditions for its development.

The increasingly complex organization
can be simplified by breaking down its
component parts into simple manageable
structures. As a result, Webers
bureaucracy was institutionalized.
Weber 3 Ideal Types of
Authority
1. Traditional Authority
2. Charistmatic Authority
3. Legal-Rational Authority
By: Socorro T. Balderamos
Bureaucracy

Refers to systematic organization of men and tasks into some kind
of pattern that will facilitate the achievement of group effort

Requires technical skills and expertise training and experience

Resulting to specialization for proficiency and professional career ship
in government service

Type of bureaucracy structuring is to a large extend, conditioned by the
culture of society, its values, ideas and institution
Legitimacy of power exercise is important authority

Authority arises not by virtue of the formal organization but rather built in the
course of social interaction and socialization process.
Model :

Refer identified 3 ideal types of authority.

When applied to the bureaucratic model of organization, they refer
to bases of leadership.

1. Traditional Authority
Establishes legitimacy of ruler ship from age-old practice,
generation to generation.

2. Charismatic Authority
Rests upon individual personality of leader
Innate charm to inspire loyalty and devotion

3. Legal Rational Authority
Established by rules
Not necessary inflexible but capable of being change rationally as
situations demand




1. Hierarchical structures of authority
The government is organized into departments, bureaus, divisions and
sections.
Regional fold offices and local governments.
2. Creation of subunits based on differentiation of
functions on specialization
Perform set of specialized functions based on responsibilities and
particular program
Geographical areas, clientele, processes and procedures
3. Recruitment and promotion based on merit and
competence
4. A system of rules and procedures to guide actions in
the organization
Base for decision, action plans and directions
Program / Project implementation
Established upon rational legal foundations

Has elements of the traditional and charismatic as
basis for legitimation

The indigenous is superimposed by the western
weberian model.

Kinship ties and primary group interests prevail over formal
legal relations
Respect for the traditional elite results in dependency and
unquestioning obedience to leadership by tradition and
charisma.
Apparently based upon reciprocity where the behavior of
bureaucrats influence the social structures and the
organizational relationship influences the behavior of
bureaucrats.
1. Vulnerability to nepotism compad RA290
2. Perpetration of spoils bred patronage and
influence peddling
3. In pathetic reaction to bureaucratic
misconduct
4. Invention of escape goats for administrative
deficiencies and bureaucratic weakness
5. Low regard for the merit system
6. Lack of the appreciation for dispatch and
simplicity in government operation
7. Open disregard for legal regulations and
established procedures



No Constitutional nor statutory
prescription as to number of departments
in the executive branch of the Philippine
government
Functional distribution of work and
performance by the executive have to be
considered
Control powers of the president under
section 17 of article VII of the 1987
Philippine constitution
Responsibility to carry out mandate of the law
Empowers him to decide number of departments


BASES:
1.Policy guidelines for implementation
2.Jurisdiction of the department
A. Supervision and control
B. Administrative supervision
C. Attachment
3.Authority Delegation
authority over and responsibility for operations may
be delegated to bureau directors and regional
directors
Extend of delegation need for economy, efficiency
and effective implementation of national and local
programs in accordance with policies and standards
of the department

268 Agencies
21 Administrative departments
109 Attached entities
139 Other agencies
Group into 11 sections based upon mission
or purpose, over-all programs and specific
plans and functions.
1.General Govt Sector
DBM
Department of Foreign Affairs
Department of Finance
NEDA
Office of the Pres. Sec.

2. Agricultural, Agrarian Reform and Environmental Sectors
Department of Agriculture
DAR
DENR
3. Trade and Industry Sector
Department of Tourism
Department of Trade and Industry
4. Infrastructure and Energy Sector
DPWH
Department of Transportation and Communication
Department of Energy

5. Education, Culture, and Manpower Department Sectors
DECS / DepEd
DOLE
6. Health and Social Welfare Sectors
DOH
DSWD
7. Defense Sector
DND
8. Science and Technology
9. Public Order and Safety Sector
DOJ
10. Local Government Sector
DILG
11. Cultural Communities Sector
Supervision and Control
President as provided for in section 17 article
VII of the 1987 constitution
Chapter 3 article 1 section 25 of the local
government code of 1991
Presidential Management Staff
Assist the president in the performance of the
mandate of the constitution and the law ate
entities which provide technical and
administrative support
GENERAL GOVERNMENT SECTOR
AGRICULTURE, AGRARIAN REFORM AND ENVIROMENT SECTOR TRADE AND INDUSTRY SECTOR
INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENERGY SECTOR EDUCATION, CULTURE AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT SECTOR
HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE SECTOR DEFENSE AND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SECTOR
CULTURAL COMMUNITIES SECTOR
PUBLIC ORDER AND SAFETY SECTOR
LOCAL GOVERNMENT SECTOR
II. BUREAUCRACY
d. Direction and Control : Civil Service and Audi

By: MARILOU T. BALTAZAR
Philippine Bureaucracy is a form of organization which is too large and too
complex. Too large that oftentimes it is misinterpreted to be Inefficient.
Short of saying what actually is Inefficient is the MANAGEMENT process.
To achieve EEP Efficient, Effective and Productive good governance,
DIRECTION and CONTROL plays vital role to Public Management.
-Guide
-Motivation
-Communication
-Leadership
MANAGEMENT theory
Direction Control
-Standards
-Evaluation
-Corrective
Measures
Administration
MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS are grouped around the activities of planning,
staffing, directing and controlling. They are performed by managers through
the chain of command of the organization.
Directing involves guiding and
motivating people for
competence, accountability and
quality organization. As well as,
strong and skillful
communication & leadership.
Controlling is the
measurement of
accomplishments.
DIRECTION
The administration achieves its public service by coursing solemnity to
organizational positions in the bureaucracy. The chain of command is being
observed wherein assign positions provides clear direction to the activities of
the administration.
(Suggested Reading: Phil. Constitution Article IX.B. Section 1 Civil Service
Commission)
CONTROL
Two Types of Control:
Management Control is largely concerned with executing broad plans and
objectives.
Operational Control relies heavily on specific procedures.
BOTH Management and Operational controls have wider applicability in public
administration.
(Illustration: The AFP funds/fraud investigation whereas Ms. Heidi
Mendoza then COA Auditor, upholding the dignity of all other
government employees testifies to the Senate Hearing completing
her testimony with complete documents of Disbursement Reports
and COA Findings. The system of control by the auditors gave way
for them to file the cases against then AFP Comptroller Col. Garcia.)
(Suggested Reading: Phil. Constitution Article IX.D. Section 1
Commission on Audit)
Civil Service is administered by the Civil Service Commission.
Commission on Audit is the supreme audit institution.
Many of the issues facing the Philippine
bureaucracy are well-documented.
Problems such as graft and corruption,
politicization, poor planning mechanisms,
inefficiency and ineffectiveness all contribute
to the negative image that it has today.
Problem of Philippine Bureaucracy
BY: EMELYN J. ANDRES
Philippines has third worst bureaucracy in Asia - survey

Most inefficient bureaucracies according to
PERC
Rank Asian Country Score
1. India 9.41
2. Indonesia 8.59

4. Vietnam 8.13
5. China 7.93
6. Malaysia 6.97
7. Taiwan 6.60
8. Japan 6.57
9. South Korea 6.13
10. Thailand 5.53
11. Hong Kong 3.49
12. Singapore 2.53
Source: Agence France-Presse posted at 06/02/2010



3. Philippines 8.37
1. Combating Corruption
2. Increased Participation of the Private Sector and Civil
Society
3. Promoting Results-Based Management through the
Public Expenditure Management Investment Program
(PEMP)
4. A shift in the mindset and attitudes of civil servants, by
promoting accountability, emphasizing customer service,
and establishing feedback mechanisms in the Civil
Service Commission
5. Enhancing Use of Information Technology

. Most bureaucrats see their positions as both power
and a privilege shielded by immunities instead of as
a public service that involves accountability.



Thank you !!!!