Particulate Nature

of Matter
Matter
Made of very tiny particles in constant,
random motion refer to kinetic
particle theory of matter
States of Matter - Solid
Closely packed
particles
Strong forces of
attraction
Regularly arranged
Particles vibrate in
fixed position
States of Matter - Liquid
Loosely packed
particles
Fairly weak forces
of attraction
Irregular and
random
arrangement
Particles are able
to move and sliding
over one another
States of Matter - Gas
Particles widely
spaced out
Very weak forces of
attraction, almost
negligible
Irregular and random
arrangement
Particles move freely
at high speeds


Kinetic theory
The movement of particles from a high to
low concentration and the random
movement of solid particles suspended in a
liquid or in a gas, are two pieces of
evidence which provide the basis for the
kinetic particulate theory of matter - a model
which is used to explain various physical
properties of substances.

Change of States
Solid Liquid
Melting
Liquid Solid
Freezing
Liquid Gas
Boiling/Evaporation
Gas Liquid
Condensation
Solid Gas
Sublimation
Gas Solid
Condensation

Solid Liquid
Gas
Boiling n Evaporation
Occurs only at b.p.
Occurs throughout
the liquid
Occurs rapidly

Occurs below b.p.
Occurs only at the
surface
Occurs slowly
Boiling Evaporation
Sublimation
Is the process whereby solid changes
directly to a gas without going through
the liquid state
Examples: Iodine, ammonium chloride
and dry ice

Change of States
When a substance
melts/boils/evaporates/sublimes, the
energy taken in is used to break the
forces of attraction between particles
When that occurs, temperature of the
substance will remain constant
The reverse is true
Heating Curve
Temperature
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature
Boiling
point
Melting
point
Cooling Curve
Temperature
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature
Freezing
point
Boiling
point
Evidence for movement of
particles
Scent of perfume spreading through
the room
Aroma of spices coming from the
kitchen
Both via DIFFUSION

Diffusion
Process by which particles can move
freely to fill up space from a region of
high concentration to a region of low
concentration
Effect of molecular mass on
the rate of diffusion
Greater the molecular mass of
particles, the slower the rate of
diffusion
More energy is required for particles
with greater molecular mass to diffuse
Dependence of rate of
diffusion on temperature
The higher the temperature, the faster
the rate of diffusion of particles
Particles have more kinetic energy