Geotechnical modelling and critical state soil mechanics

Naples, May 2007

David Muir Wood
University of Bristol
13. Designer models addition of e!tra features
"#M 2, 3, $M, #eo%&

Designer models addition of e!tra features
1. 'inemati( yielding
2. )am (lay
3. Mo*r+)oulom,

s*ear
stress
mean
stress
elasti( +
stiff
plasti( -
less stiff
s*ear
stress
s*ear
strain
(lassi(al elasti(+plasti( modelling of soil
for e!ample, )am (lay "1./3, 1./0&

stress
yield1
strain
typi(al a(tual response
void
ratio
verti(al stress
"log s(ale&
pre(onsolidation
pressure
(lassi(al identifi(ation of yield
from stressstrain response
geometri(al (onstru(tion for
estimation of pre(onsolidation
pressure

-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 100 200 300 400
Cam clay?
p': kPa
q: kPa
%ig 3 2nisotropi( yield lo(us for one+dimensional stress *istory
"after 2l+3a,,aa, 1.04&
)am (lay providing inspiration
sear(* for 5)am (lay li6e7 yield lo(i
eg 6aolin "2l+3a,,aa, 1.04&

yield lo(i for natural (lays
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
p/
v c
q
/

v
c
Rang de le!"e
#el$a%&
'(nn(peg
)& *l+an
,ynd-!.%&
/a%&emy.
(olle(ted ,y #ra*am et al "1.00&

typi(al e!perimental o,servation
stiffness falls steadily 8it* monotoni( straining
is t*ere an elasti( region1
s*ear stiffness degradation data for 9uiou sand from resonant
(olumn and torsional s*ear tests "after :o;resti et al, 1..7&
l(m(& 0$ ela%&(c
.e%p0n%e??

*o8 do 8e o,<e(tively identify yielding1
o((urren(e of irre(overa,le strain1
dissipation of energy in loading=unloading (y(les1
(*ange in slope of stressstrain response1
stress
strain
a.
stress
strain
,.

-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
>1 yield lo(us
>2 yield lo(us
>3 yield lo(us
q: kPa
p': kPa
yielding of Bot*6ennar
(lay
,oundaries dedu(ed
from inspe(tion of
stressstrain response
>1 appro!imately
(entred on in situ
stress state
>3 refle(ts natural
stru(ture - damaged
,y any irre(overa,le
strain + evanes(ent
after ?mit* et al "1..2&

6aolin revisited
isotropi( (onsolidation *istories
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
mean e$$ec&("e %&.e%% p': kPa
de"(a&0. %&.e%% q: kPa
a.
data from 2l+3a,,aa "1.07&

6aolin revisited
one+dimensional (onsolidation *istories
data from 2l+3a,,aa "1.07&
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
mean e$$ec&("e %&.e%% p': kPa
de"(a&0. %&.e%% q: kPa
+.

q
6;a
q
6;a
q
6;a
q
6;a
p' 6;a
p' 6;a
p' 6;a
p' 6;a
plasti( strain in(rements appro!imate normality to 6inemati( yield lo(i
6aolin 2l+3a,,aa, 1.07

1e"(a&0.(c %&.e%% .e%p0n%e en"el0pe%
q
z
:kPa
q
x
:kPa
2

x

y

z
2270
)+2300
)+2330
)+20
)+230
)+2/0
)+2.0
)+2120
)+21@0
)+2100
)+2210
)+2240
+2@0
+1@0
+@0
@0
1@0
2@0
+2@0 +1@0 +@0 @0 1@0 2@0
Stress response envelope for initilally isotropically compressed samples :
2
q
z
: kPa
Distortional strain "A&

y
q
x
: kPa

x
+2@0
+1@0
+@0
@0
1@0
2@0
+2@0 +1@0 +@0 @0 1@0 2@0
0.0@A
0.2A
0.4A
0./A
0.0A
1.0A
1.2A
2
d(%&0.&(0nal %&.e%% p.0+e .0%e&&e%
2
c0n%&an& mean %&.e%%
2
c.0%% an(%0&.0py?
23
"
4 3
-
5
d
6 0.057 0.27 0.47 0.67 0.87 17 1.28
9
:
9
y
9
;
9
:
9
y
9
;
*: (%0&.0p(c c0mp.e%%(0n
<0%&!n %and
)adek7 2006

Stress paths in the octahedral plane for Rosette ABC
(CCA: p' !""kPa# $ost%n Sand: D
r
&'()
2B)30
q
z
:kPa
q
x
:kPa
2

x

y

z
2B)/0
2B).0
2B)120
2B)1@0
2B)100
2B)210
2B)240
2B)270
2B)300
2B)300
B
2B)330
)
2B)3/0
+2@0
+1@0
+@0
@0
1@0
2@0
+2@0 +1@0 +@0 @0 1@0 2@0
Stress paths in the octahedral plane for Rosette AB
(CCA: p' !""kPa# $ost%n Sand: D
r
&'()
2B30

y
x
2
q
x
:kPa
q
z
:kPa
2B/0
2B.0
2B120
2B1@0
2B100
2B210
2B240
2B270
B
2B300
2B330
2B3/0
+2@0
+1@0
+@0
@0
1@0
2@0
+2@0 +1@0 +@0 @0 1@0 2@0
d(%&0.&(0nal p.0+(ng
c0n%&an& mean %&.e%%
n0n-m0n0&0n(c %&.e%% pa&-%
%&.e%% p.0+e .0%e&&e%
*#C = p.0+e
*# = p.0+e
9
;
9
:
9
:
9
y
9
y
9
;
)adek7 2006

Stress response envelope for samples *ith stress histories AB:
2
q
z
: kPa
Distortional strain "A&

y
q
x
: kPa

x
B
+2@0
+1@0
+@0
@0
1@0
2@0
+2@0 +1@0 +@0 @0 1@0 2@0
0.0@A
0.2A
0.4A
0./A
0.0A
1.0A
1.2A
Stress response envelope for samples *ith stress histories ABC:
2
q
z
: kPa
Distortional strain "A&

y
x
q
x
: kPa
B )
+2@0
+1@0
+@0
@0
1@0
2@0
+2@0 +1@0 +@0 @0 1@0 2@0
0.0@A
0.2A
0.4A
0./A
0.0A
1.0A
1.2A
d(%&0.&(0nal %&.a(n
0.058: -(%&0.y .ecalled
18: -(%&0.y >$0.g0&&en?
.ad(al %-ea.(ng
*#
&@0 c0.ne.%
*#C
)&.e%% .e%p0n%e en"el0pe%: <0%&!n %and: %mall-med(!m %&.a(n
5
d
6 0.057 0.27 0.47 0.67 0.87 17 1.28
)adek7 2006

q
z
: kPa

x

y
q
x
: kPa
2
B )
a
,
(
+1@0
+@0
@0
1@0
+1@0 +@0 @0 1@0
rosette 2
rosette B
rosette )
c0mpa.(%0n 0$ 0.058 %&.a(n
.e%p0n%e en"el0pe% $0.
-(%&0.(e% *7 *#7 *#C
%&.e%% .e%p0n%e en"el0pe%
%mallAmed(!m %&.a(n %&($$ne%%
k(nema&(c -a.den(ng
cen&.e a% (nd(ca&0. 0$ c!..en&
$a+.(c
but strain too large
)adek7 2006

Designer models addition of e!tra features
1. 'inemati( yielding
2. )am (lay
3. Mo*r+)oulom,

)am (lay
elasti(+*ardening plasti( model
volumetri( *ardening
asso(iated flo8 - normality

)am (lay
response in drained tria!ial
(ompression tests 8it*
(onstant p'
asymptoti( approa(* to
(riti(al state
effe(t of over(onsolidation
ratio
s*arp division ,et8een
elasti( and plasti( response

(ompare response of soil on nonmonotoni( loading
8it* (apa,ility of single yield surfa(e model
e!tension to simple models
using 6inemati( *ardening
and ,ounding surfa(e plasti(ity

(ompare response of soil on nonmonotoni(
loading 8it* (apa,ility of single yield surfa(e
model
elasti(+*ardening plasti( model e!pe(ts elasti(
,e*aviour on reversal, sudden drop in stiffness at
yield
soils typi(ally s*o8 *ystereti( ,e*aviour on
unload+reload (y(les, steady (*ange in
in(remental stiffness

6inemati( *ardening e!tension
yield lo(us (arried around 8it* stress state - B,u,,leB -
strongly influen(ed ,y re(ent *istory
stiffness falls as yield B,u,,leB approa(*es ,ounding surfa(e
- (ontrolled ,y distan(e b
8*en loading 8it* B,u,,leB in (onta(t 8it* ,ounding surfa(e
model is identi(al to )am (lay

assume relative siCe R of B,u,,leB
assume rule for translation of B,u,,leB
assume interpolation rule lin6ing plasti( stiffness 8it* b
Dot*er8ise identi(al to )am (lay

6aolin
(onstant p' (y(les
*ysteresis
,uild up of
volumetri( strain
e!periment
simulation
volumetri( strain
distortional strain
E
E
E
E

migration of B,u,,leB during (onstant p' unloading
after one+dimensional normal (ompression
*ardening of B,u,,leB and ,ounding surfa(e
q
6;a
p' 6;a

e!periment
simulation
(onstant q (y(les after one+dimensional normal (ompression

add furt*er effe(ts in a similarly *ierar(*i(al 8ay
(ementation and stru(ture e!tension to B,u,,leB model
natural soils often (ontain stru(ture ,onding ,et8een parti(les
destroyed 8it* me(*ani(al or (*emi(al damage

design model in 8*i(* yield surfa(e *as in(reased siCe as a result of
t*e ,onding
8it* plasti( straining "or (*emi(al 8eat*ering& t*e yield surfa(e
gradually s*rin6s to t*e yield surfa(e, for remoulded, stru(tureless
material
e!tension of B,u,,leB 6inemati( e!tension of )am (lay
all features of B,u,,leB model retained
ratio of siCes of stru(ture surfa(e and
referen(e surfa(e gives indi(ation of
(urrent degree of stru(ture

add measure of stru(ture or ,onding single s(alar parameter r
B,oundingB surfa(e no8 (alled Bstru(tureB surfa(e siCe r times larger
t*an a referen(e surfa(e
stru(ture lost 8*enever plasti( strains o((ur
damage la8
damage plasti( strain in(rement FG
d
p
(om,ines plasti( volumetri(
and plasti( distortional strain in(rements
- additional parameter to (ontrol t*eir relative importan(e
stru(ture progressively disappears
r 1 as plasti( deformation in(reases
( )
p
d
1 r
6
r

=


logi(al stru(tureless soil is one 8*i(* *as ,een so me(*ani(ally
pummelled t*at it *as no remaining ,onds ,et8een parti(les
parti(ular forms of la,oratory testing "tria!ial testing, for e!ample&
may not ,e a,le to provide suffi(ient damage
evolution la8 and definition of damage strain may need to in(lude
some more su,tle referen(e to t*e nature of t*e strain pat*
s*earing 8it* rotation of prin(ipal a!es is li6ely to ,e espe(ially
damaging
feasi,le to introdu(e ot*er evolution la8s 8*i(* relate (*ange
"in(rease or de(rease& of s(alar measure of stru(ture r to (*emi(al
environment or time or temperature effe(ts
)am (lay (an ,e regained ,y setting r H 1, R H 1

*ierar(*i(al e!tension of B,u,,leB
model to in(lude effe(ts of stru(ture
ot*er evolution la8s relate (*ange
"in(rease or de(rease& of s(alar
measure of stru(ture r to (*emi(al
environment or time or temperature
effe(ts
)am (lay (an ,e regained ,y setting r H 1, R H 1

Norr6Iping (lay - (ali,ration tests
Jouainia K Muir Wood "2000&

Norr6Iping (lay - parametri( variation
Jouainia K Muir Wood "2000&

Norr6Iping (lay - undrained - isotropi(
(onsolidation
Jouainia K Muir Wood "2000&

Norr6Iping (lay - undrained - anisotropi( (onsolidation
Jouainia K Muir Wood "2000&

Norr6Iping (lay - undrained - isotropi( over(onsolidation
Jouainia K Muir Wood "2000&

simulation e!periment
Bot*6ennar (lay
results normalised ,y Lvorslev eMuivalent
(onsolidation pressure p'
e
for structureless soil
#a<o K Muir Wood, 2001

Lierar(*i(al e!tensions of )am (lay
N
it is relatively straig*tfor8ard to add e!tra features to a soil
model
N
advantage in using 8ell 6no8n model as ,asis - (*e(6
implementation - a((epta,ility
N
e!tra features imply additional soil parameters and
additional (ali,ration tests
N
see6 adeMuate (omple!ity in modelling - mat(* (omple!ity
of model to availa,ility of data and needs of appli(ation

Designer models addition of e!tra features
1. 'inemati( yielding
2. )am (lay
3. Mo*r+)oulom,

standard elasti(+perfe(tly
plasti( Mo*r+)oulom, model
non+asso(iated plasti( flo8
simpli(ity
s*arp stiffness (*anges
tangent stiffness eit*er
elasti( or Cero
(ontinuing volume (*ange

standard elasti(+perfe(tly plasti(
Mo*r+)oulom, model
availa,le in all numeri(al analysis
programs
su,<e(tivity in sele(ting values of soil
parameters - stiffness, strengt*,
dilatan(y

elasti(+*ardening plasti( Mo*r+)oulom, model
non+asso(iated flo8 steady fall in stiffness (ontinuing volume (*ange

is post+pea6 softening important1
design a model to in(lude softening
Mo*r+)oulom, family
post+pea6 softening to (riti(al state
t*ree regimes of response
adaptation of *ardening Mo*r+)oulom, model
for E O E
p
response is elasti( E O E
p
, E
y
H E
p
FG
M
p
H 0
after pea6, linear fall in yield stress ratio 8it* strain
0 O G
M
p
O b "distortional B*ardeningB la8&
eventual perfe(tly plasti( (riti(al state G
M
p
b, E
y
H M
non+asso(iated flo8 rule as ,efore
, M
p
M
p
y p

=



(onventional tria!ial drained (ompression test
elasti(
post+pea6 softening
(riti(al state

tria!ial undrained (ompression test

p
p p p
p
i
M
1 2
M
2 1 1
,'
B p B p
effe(tive stress pat*
elasti( "isotropi( FpB H 0&
post+pea6 softening
(riti(al state
limited model
(on(entration on single aspe(t
of response

Mo*r+)oulom, model 8it* strengt* dependent on state varia,le
?evern+3rent sand
influen(e of density
softening
dilatan(y
simplicity

+!(ld 0n /0-.-C0!l0m+ m0del
de%c.(+e B0!.ney $.0m (n(&(al
ela%&(c .e%p0n%e &0 !l&(ma&e
c.(&(cal %&a&e
(ncl!de n0nl(nea.(&y7 peak
%&.eng&- and %0$&en(ng
simplicity?
adequate complexity?
)e"e.n-C.en& %and

#een D Ee$$e.(e%
%&a&e pa.ame&e. F 6 "0l!me d(%&ance
$.0m c.(&(cal %&a&e l(ne
$!nc&(0n 0$ den%(&y and %&.e%% le"el
m0.e !%e$!l &-an "0(d .a&(0 al0ne G
(nd(ca&(ng e$$ec& 0$ den%(&y and %&.e%%
'den%e'
'l00%e'
F
c.(&(cal %&a&e l(ne
mean %&.e%%
%pec($(c
"0l!me
)e"e.n-C.en& %and: %&.eng&-

@-a& (% peak %&.eng&-?
da&a c0n$(.m l(nk +e&@een
%&.eng&- and %&a&e pa.ame&e. F
/0-.-C0!l0m+ m0del @(&-
current %&.eng&- dependen& 0n
current %&a&e pa.ame&e.
#een D Ee$$e.(e%
peak
%&.eng&-
)e"e.n-C.en& %and: %&.eng&-
'den%e'
'l00%e'
F
mean %&.e%%
c.(&(cal %&a&e l(ne
%pec($(c
"0l!me
%&a&e pa.ame&e. F

@-a& (% peak %&.eng&-?
2
p.0pe.&y 0$ &-e %0(l @-(c-
c-ange% @(&- %&.e%% le"el7
den%(&y
da&a c0n$(.m l(nk +e&@een
%&.eng&- and %&a&e pa.ame&e. F
/0-.-C0!l0m+ m0del @(&-
current %&.eng&- dependen& 0n
current %&a&e pa.ame&e.
#een D Ee$$e.(e%
peak
%&.eng&-
)e"e.n-C.en& %and: %&.eng&-
'den%e'
'l00%e'
F
mean %&.e%%
%pec($(c
"0l!me
%&a&e pa.ame&e. F

)e"e.n-C.en& %and: d(la&ancy
#ena-med
d(la&ancy: "0l!me c-ange d!.(ng
%-ea.(ng
'den%e' %and e:pand%
'l00%e' %and c0n&.ac&%
d(la&ancy depend% 0n den%(&y
d(la&ancy "a.(e% d!.(ng &e%&
@-a& d0 @e mean +y 'den%e' and 'l00%e'?
"0l!me
%&.a(n
%-ea. %&.a(n

da&a c0n$(.m l(nk +e&@een d(la&ancy and %&a&e pa.ame&e. F
($ %0(l (% not a& c.(&(cal %&a&e @-en (& (% +e(ng %-ea.ed HF 0I:
&-en "0l!me c-ange% 0cc!. &0@a.d% &-e c.(&(cal %&a&e: d(la&ancy
'l00%e': F 4 0: c0n&.ac&(0n
'den%e': F J 0: d(la&(0n
'l00%e'
'den%e'
%&a&e pa.ame&e. F
#een D Ee$$e.(e%
d(la&ancy
'den%e'
'l00%e'
F
c.(&(cal %&a&e l(ne
mean %&.e%%
%pec($(c
"0l!me
)e"e.n-C.en& %and: d(la&ancy

mo,ilised
strengt* B
mo,
s*ear strain
currently mo,ilised strengt*
currently availa,le strengt*
monotoni(
relations*ip
1
ratio
available strengt* B
varies 8it* state parameter
distortional *ardening
monotoni( in(rease of ratio of mo,ilised
to availa,le strengt* "E=E
p
& 8it*
distortional strain G
M
p
*yper,oli( *ardening la8 simple
Mo*r+)oulom, model 8it* strengt* dependent on state varia,le

volume (*ange a((ompanies s*earing
*en(e (*ange in state varia,le
*en(e (*ange in available strengt*
model automati(ally *omes in on (riti(al
state
softening emerges 8it*out ,eing
des(ri,ed mat*emati(ally
pea6 strengt* is moving target rea(*ed at
infinite distortional strain - t*en identi(al
8it* (riti(al state strengt*
(onventional drained tria!ial (ompression tests
different initial density "state varia,le&
(urrent pea6 strengt*

(*ara(terisation of variation of tangent stiffness
soil response perfe(tly plasti( model

nonlinearity and reversed plasti(ity o,served 8*en dire(tion
of loading is reversed
elasti(+*ardening plasti( model ,e*aviour purely elasti( for
stress ratios lo8er t*an t*e previous ma!imum stress ratio

?evern+3rent sand
add 6inemati( *ardening
elasti( region of *ig* stiffness (arried round 8it* re(ent stress *istory
,oundary of elasti( region is the yield surfa(e
use ,ounding surfa(e plasti(ity
plasti( *ardening stiffness depends on separation of t*e yield surfa(e
and ,ounding surfa(e
6inemati( *ardening Mo*r+)oulom, strengt* dependent on state
varia,le hierarchical development

?evern+3rent sand
(ali,rated against tria!ial test data for
Lostun sand
effe(t of different density=stress level
automati(ally des(ri,ed
ignore pra(ti(al pro,lem of maintaining
*omogeneity 8it*in softening sample
#a<o K Muir Wood, 1...


use model to simulate (y(li( undrained loading leading to
eventual liMuefa(tion
model fails after 2@ (y(les
a(tual soil "Lostun sand& fails after 0. (y(les
num,er of (y(les to liMuefa(tion is not a parti(ularly relia,le
parameter to use for model (ali,ration
o,vious signifi(ant differen(e ,et8een samples 8*i(* liMuefy in
one or t8o (y(les and t*ose 8*i(* survive for many (y(les
character of (y(li( pore pressure ,uild+up reprodu(ed in model

messages
N
possi,le to develop elegant models 8*i(* reprodu(e
desira,le me(*ani(al (*ara(teristi(s
N
espe(ially effe(ts of density and stress level
N
mat*emati(al (omple!ity not essential
N
,uild up from 8ell 6no8n model - Mo*r+)oulom,