DR.

AZIL BAHARI ALIAS

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste
Generation
Waste handling, separation,
storage and processing
at the source
Collection
Transfer and
Transport
Disposal
Separation and processing
and transformation of
solid waste
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLES
PROCESSING &
TREATMENT
FINAL DISPOSAL

Introduction
Framework
Waste quantities
and characteristics
Storage & Collection


MRF
Composting
Waste-to-Energy
RDF
Sanitary
landfill
NON-TECHNICAL
CONSIDERATION
Regulatory
Financial
Policies
Management/
System
Learning outcomes
To explain different the different types of wastes

To define domestic/household/industrial solid wastes

To explain and describe waste generation theory
( able to calculate waste generation per capita)

To describe and analyze waste management hierarchy
Definitions
Solid wastes (non hazardous) - wastes arising from human activities and
are normally solid as opposed to liquid or gaseous and are discarded as
useless or unwanted.

Focused on urban waste (MSW) generated in residential and commercial
environments.

Construction wastes from work on individual residences and
commercial buildings

Demolition waste dirt, stones, bricks, plastics, lumber, pipes

Agricultural wastes from agricultural residues, manures

Yard waste from grass, leaves

Food waste from household, restaurants, etc.


Add on data on municipal solid waste
composition/generation in malaysia pie chart
(SOURCES: WORLD BANK, 2000)
20??.........City of Garbage!!!!!
Why bother???
FLASH FLOOD
1960s
VECTOR & VERMINS
DISEASES
Waste generation theory
Raw Materials
Manufacturing
Processing and
recovery
Secondary
manufacturing
consumer
Final
disposal
Raw materials, products and
recovered materials
Waste materials


Residential
Commercial
Institutional
Construction &
demolitions
Municipal
services
Agricultural
Industrial
Municipal
Solid Waste
Treatment plant sites
(incinerators)
Types &
sources
Details: table 3-1 p.41 (textbook)
WASTE
CHARACTERIZATION
Physical Chemical Biological
A. Specific weight
B. Moisture content
C. Particle size distribution
D. Field capacity
E. Permeability
A. Proximate analysis
B. Ultimate analysis
C. Energy content


A. Volatiles solids
B. Lignin contents
C. Biodegradable
fraction
A. Odors

Physical properties
A. Specific weight lb/yd
3
, a volume measure and, therefore, subject to interpretation and variable.
Beware of reporting: loose, as found in containers, un-compacted, compacted.
Refer Table 4-1 for typical specific weight range

B. Moisture content Wet-weight relationship:
M , eq.4-1, p.72
Varies from 15-40%, use 21%, food and yard wastes very high-70%; paper,
plastics and inorganics very low-3%.
Important consideration for transformation processes: energy recovery
(incineration) and composting. Rain soaked trash will way more than its dry
counterpart, a consideration at the weighing scales
C. Particle size
distribution
Imprint consideration in the recovery of materials, pre-processing antecedent
to a classification or sorting process Screens
D. Field Capacity
(FC)
The amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample subject to the
downward pull of gravity. Water in excess of FC will flow out of the waste as
leachate.
50-60% for uncompacted, commingled waste from residential and commercial
sources.
E. Permeability Measures the movement of gasses and liquids in landfills.
K, eq. 4-7, p.76
k= 10-11 to 10-12 m2 in the vertical and 10-10 in the horizontal.
Chemical properties
A. Proximate
analysis
Includes the following tests:
Moisture
Volatile combustible matter
Fixed carbon (combustible residue after volatile matter is removed)
Ash (weight of residue after combustion in an open crucible
B. Ultimate
analyses
Determination of the percent C, H, O, N, S, and ash.
Opportunity to calculate chemical formula, which then can be used in
various chemical and biological reactions.
Elemental analyser
C. Energy
content
Potentially critical element in incineration. Can be measured or
calculated.
DuLong Formula:
Btu/lb = 145C +610(H2 - O2/8) + 40S +10N eq.4-10, p.86
Constituents are % by weight
D. Fusing point
of ash
Define as T at which the ah resulting from the burning of waste will
form of solid (clinker) by fusion and agglomeration
Typical fusing T for the formation of clinker from solid waste range
from2000-2200F (1100-1200C)
Biological properties

o VS, volatile solids, ignition at 550C is often used as a measure of the
biodegradability of the organic fraction.

o Lignin a polymeric material containing aromatic rings with methoxyl group
(-OCH3),-present in some paper products such as newsprint and fiberboard)

o Biodegradable Fraction (BF) biodegradability of organic compounds (see table
4.7, pg 88) based on lignin content.


BF = 0.83 - 0.028 LC eq.4-11, p.88


o Odors typically result from the anaerobic decomposition of the organic fraction.
- Sulfate is reduced to sulfides and the to H
2
S.
- Organic compounds containing a sulfur radical can lead to the formation of
methyl mercaptan and aminobutyric acid.
-detail pg. 89

100% MSW
90-97% Treated
Via MRF, RDF,
Incineration, Combustion
3-10% Disposed
In SLF
Waste management Hierarchy
W2W
Waste
Recycled
Material
(e.g Plastics)
Recovered
Material
(e.g Gold, Silver,
Platinum)
New Products
Methane Gas
Electricity
(Combustion)
Products
Energy
Wealth:
Economy
Environment
Social
(Sustainability)
FOUR Rs:
REDUCTION
Reduce the amount material used
Increasing the lifetime of the product
Eliminating the need for product

REUSE
Paper bags, newspapers, etc

RECYCLING
HDPE, PVC, PP, PS

RECOVERY
Process the refuse without prior separation.
The desired material are separated at a central facilities (i.e MRF)
Case Study
Discuss in a group a case study of solid waste
management for the following continents : Malaysia,
Japan, USA, UK, Australia, UAE. Highlight the
following elements in your discussion:
Waste generation
Waste collection, treatment & disposal system
Problems and challenges occurs

Presentation in a group consist of SWM for each
country (2 hours)

CALCULATION OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION

Objectives:

Expression for unit waste generation rates
Methods to estimate waste quantities
1) Load-count analysis
2) Weight-volume analysis
3) Material-balance analysis

Calculation of waste generation per capita
IMPORTANCE OF WASTE QUANTITIES
Compliance with federal and state waste diversion
programs
In selecting specific equipment
In designing of waste collection routes
Materials recovery facilities (MRFs)
Disposal facilities

Expression for Unit Waste Generation
Rates
Residential Relative stability of residential wastes in a
given location, lb/capita.day
Commercial Relate the quantities with the number of
customers, lb/capita.dy
Industrial Basis of some repeatable measure of
production.
lb/automobile or lb/plant
Agricultural Basis of some repeatable measure of
production.
lb of manure/ ton of material
Lb of waste/ ton of raw material
Estimation of Solid Waste Quantities

a) Load-count / weight-volume analysis the number
of individual loads and waste characteristics (types,
estimated volume)

b) Material mass balance analysis determine the
generation and movement of solid wastes at each
generation source. (ex. 6-2, pg132)

c) statistical analysis to determine the statistical
characteristics and the distribution of the waste.

Load count analysis- Example 6.1

Material Balance analysis

Simplified statement


M
in
M
ou




Accumulation = inflow - outflow + generation
dM / dt = M
in
- M
out
+ r
w


dM = rate of change of the weight of material stored (accumulated)
within the study unit, lb/day
Min = sum of all the material flowing into the study unit, lb/day
Mout = sum of all the material flowing out of study unit, lb/day
rw = rate of waste generation, lb/day
t = time, day

Note: Always write rw as positive in the parent equation and make a negative
substitution as required in the final analysis.


Example- material balance
Ex- 6-2, pg 132
A cannery receives on a given day 12 tons of raw produce, 5 tons of Cans, 0.5 tons of cartons
and 0.3 tons of miscellaneous materials. Of the 12 tons of raw produce, 10 tons become
processed product, 1.2 tons end up produce waste, which is fed to cattle, and the remainder
is discharged with the wastewater from the plant. Four tons of the cans are stored internally
for future us, and the remaining is used for package the product. About 3 percent of the cans
used are damaged. Stored separately, the damaged cans are recycled. The cartons are
used for packaging the canned product, except for 5 percent that are damaged and
subsequently separated for recycling . Of the miscellaneous materials, 25 percent is stored
internally for future use,; 50 percent becomes waste paper, of which 35% is separated for
recycling with the remainder being discharged as mixed waste; and 25 percent becomes a
mixture of solid waste materials. Assume the materials separated for recycling and disposal
are collected daily. Prepare a materials balance for the cannery on this day and a materials
flow diagram accounting for all the materials. Also determine the amount of waste per
ton of product.
Solution
1. On the given day
12 tons of raw produced
5 tons of cans
0.5 tons of cartons
0.3 tons of miscellaneous materials

2. As a results of internal activities

a) 10 tons of product is produced, 1.2 tons of produced waste is generated, and the
remainder of the produce is discharged with the wastewater

b) 4 tons of cans are stored and the remainder is used, of which 3 percent are damaged

c) 0.5 tons of cans are used of which 3 percent are damaged

d) 25 percent if the miscellaneous materials is stored; 50% becomes paper waste, of
which 35 percent is separated and recycled, with the remainder disposed of as mixed
solid waste; the remaining 25% of the Miscellaneous materials are disposed of as
mixed waste.


Contd
3. Determine the required quantities
a) Waste generated from raw produce
i. Solid waste fed to cattle = 1.2 ton (1089 kg)
ii. Waste produced discharged with wastewater =
(12-10-1.2) ton= 0.8 ton (726 kg)

b) Cans
i. Damaged and recycled = (0.03)(5-4) ton = 0.03 ton
( 27 kg)
ii. Used for production of product = (1-0.03) = 0.97
ton (880 kg)


Cntd
C) cartons
i. damaged and recycled = (0.03)(0.5 ton) = 0.015 ton ( 14 kg)
ii. Cartons used in product= (0.5-0.015) ton= 0.485 ton (440 kg)

d) Miscellaneous materials
i. Amount stored = (0.25)(0.3ton)= 0.075 ton(68 kg)
ii. Paper separated and recycled (0.50)(0.35)(0.3 ton)= 0.053 ton ( 48
kg)
iii. Mixed waste (0.3-0.075)-0.053 ton = 0.172 ton(156 kg)

e) Total weight of product = (10+0.97+0.485) ton = 11.455 ton
( 10,392 kg)

f ) Total material stored = (4+0.075) ton = 4.075 ton ( 3696 kg)
Cntd
4. Prepare a material balance and flow diagram for the cannery for the day
A) The appropriate materials balance equation:

Amount of material stored = inflow outflow waste generation

B) the materials balance quantities are as follows:
i. material stored= (4.0 + 0.075) ton = 4.075 ton
ii. Material input = (12.0+5.0+0.5+0.3) ton = 17.8 ton
iii. Material output = (10+0.97+0.485+1.2+0.03+0.015+0.053) ton = 12.753
ton
iv. Waste generation = (0.8+0.172) ton = 0.972 ton

The final materials balance is
4.075 = 17.8-12.753-0.972 ( mass balance checks)
1. Material Flow Diagram
4.075 t
Stored
internally
12 t raw
5 t cans
5 t cartons
0.1 t misc.
11.455 t products
1.2 t waste fed to
cattle
0.03 t cans recycled
0.015 t cartons
recycled
0.053 t paper
recycled
0.8 t waste
Produce
Discharge
With
wastewater
0.172 t
Mixed waste
Cntd.
5. Determine the amount of waste per ton of product
a) Recyclable material=
(1.2+0.03+0.015+0.053)ton/11.455 ton = 0.11 ton/ton

b) Mixed waste = (0.8+0.172) ton / 11.455 ton = 0.085
ton/ton
Statistical analysis
For many large industrial activities but impractical
to provide container capacity to handle the largest
conceivable quantity of SW to be generated in a
given day

Must be based on the generation rates and
characteristics of the collection system

Steps and formulation
SEE APPENDIX D pg 917-929

Example 6.3 (pp. 134)

Factor that Effect Generation Rates
Source Reduction and Recycling. Design with disposal in mind.

Public Attitudes and Legislation. If not reimbursed, the public must be
recruited to a "tree saving" mentality. Legislation includes bottle laws,
green waste pick-ups.

Geographic and Physical Factors. The bigger the yard and the longer
the growing season, the more the waste. Seasonal, fall leaves,
Christmas gifts, spring cleanup. Kitchen grinders contribute a minimal
reduction.

Frequency. More waste is collected if the frequency is increased. Note
that more wastes are not generated.

Variations in distribution
Highly variable, local studies should be considered, collected data
is expensive and of limited value; make sure that collected data is
useful before collecting.

Location, warmer more affluent communities generate more
wastes.

Season, T3-8, p.56, More yard and food wastes in the summer;
more glass and metals in the winter.

Economics and others.
Calculation of waste generation per capita

Example 6.4