Compression Members

COLUMN STABILITY
A. Flexural Buckling
Elastic Buckling
Inelastic Buckling
Yielding
B. Local Buckling Section E7 pp 16.1-39
and B4 pp 16.1-14
C. Lateral Torsional Buckling
AISC Requirements
CHAPTER E pp 16.1-32
Nominal Compressive Strength
g cr n
A F P =
AISC Eqtn E3-1
AISC Requirements
LRFD
n c u
P P | s
loads factored of Sum =
u
P
strength e compressiv design =
n c
P |
0.90 n compressio for factor resistance = =
c
|
In Summary

>
s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
877 . 0
44 . 0 or
71 . 4 658 . 0
otherwise F
F F
F
E
r
KL
if F
F
e
y e
y
y
F
F
cr
e
y
200 <
r
KL
In Summary - Definition of F
e
Elastic Buckling Stress corresponding to the controlling mode of
failure (flexural, torsional or flexural torsional)
F
e
:
Theory of Elastic Stability (Timoshenko & Gere 1961)
Flexural Buckling Torsional Buckling
2-axis of symmetry
Flexural Torsional
Buckling
1 axis of symmetry
Flexural Torsional
Buckling
No axis of symmetry
( )
2
2
/ r KL
E
F
e
t
=
AISC Eqtn
E4-4
AISC Eqtn
E4-5
AISC Eqtn
E4-6
Column Design Tables
Assumption : Strength Governed by Flexural Buckling
Check Local Buckling
Column Design Tables

Design strength of selected shapes for effective length KL
Table 4-1 to 4-2, (pp 4-10 to 4-316)

Critical Stress for Slenderness KL/r
table 4.22 pp (4-318 to 4-322)
Design of Members in Compression
Selection of an economical shape: Find lightest shape
Usually category is defined beforehand, e.g. W, WT etc
Usually overall nominal dimensions defined in advance
because of architectural and other requirements.

USE OF COLUMN LOAD TABLES
IF NOT APPLICABLE - TRIAL AND ERROR

EXAMPLE I COLUMN LOAD TABLES
A compression member is subjected to service loads pf 165 dead and 535
kips live. The member is 26 feet long and pinned at each end
LRFD
Calculate factored load
kips 054 , 1 ) 535 ( 6 . 1 ) 165 ( 2 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 = + = + = L D P
u
Required Design Strength
kips 054 , 1 >
n c
P |
Enter Column Tables with KL=(1)(26)=26 ft
u
P X W > kips 230 , 1 : strength design 145 14
OK
EXAMPLE I COLUMN LOAD TABLES
A compression member is subjected to service loads pf 165 dead and 535
kips live. The member is 26 feet long and pinned at each end
ASD
Calculate factored load
kips 700 ) 535 ( ) 165 ( = + = + = L D P
a
Required Allowable Strength
kips 700 >
O
c
n
P
Enter Column Tables with KL=(1)(26)=26 ft
a
P X W > kips 702 : strength design 132 14
OK
EXAMPLE Ii COLUMN LOAD TABLES
Select the lightest W-shape that can resist a service dead load of 62.5
kips and a service live load of 125 kips. The effective length is 24 feet.
Use ASTM A992 steel
LRFD
Calculate factored load and required strength
n u
P L D P
c
kips 275 ) 125 ( 6 . 1 ) 5 . 62 ( 2 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 | < = + = + =
Enter Column Tables with KL=(1)(24)=24 ft
No Footnote: No need to
check for local buckling
kips 275 with W8 No : 8 >
n c
P W
kips 282 , 54 10 : 10
c
=
n
P X W W |
kips 293 , 58 10 : 12
c
=
n
P X W W |
kips 293 , 61 14 : 14
c
=
n
P X W W |
IF COLUMNS NOT APPLICABLE
1. Assume a value for F
cr

y cr
F F s
2. Determine required area
LRFD

cr c
u
g u g cr c
F
P
A P A F
|
| > >

ASD

cr
a
g
g
a
cr
F
P
A
A
P
F
6 . 0
6 . 0 > >
IF COLUMNS NOT APPLICABLE
3 Select a shape that satisfies area requirement


4 Compute F
cr
for the trial shape


5 Revise if necessary
If available strength too close to required value try next tabulated value
Else repeat 1-4 using F
cr
of trial shape

6 Check local stability and revise if necessary
Example
Select a W18 shape of A992 steel that can resist a service dead load of
100 kips amd a service live load of 300 kips. Effective length KL=26 ft
Calculate factored load and required strength
kips 600 ) 300 ( 6 . 1 ) 100 ( 2 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 = + = + = L D P
u
Try
ksi 33
3
2
= =
y cr
F F
Required Area
( )
2
in 2 . 20
33 9 . 0
600
= = =
cr c
u
g
F
P
A
|
Example
Select a W18 shape of A992 steel that can resist a service dead load of
100 kips amd a service live load of 300 kips. Effective length KL=26 ft
Try W 18x71
2 . 20 in 8 . 20
2
> =
g
A
Slenderness 200 5 . 183
70 . 1
12 26
min
< =

=
r
KL
OK
OK Available Area
Eulers Stress
( ) ( )
ksi 5 . 8
5 . 183
) 000 , 29 (
/
2
2
2
2
= = =
t t
r KL
E
F
e
113
50
000 , 29
71 . 4 71 . 4 = =
y
F
E
Elastic Buckling
Slenderness Limit
5 . 183
min
= <
r
KL
ELASTIC BUCKLING
Example
Select a W18 shape of A992 steel that can resist a service dead load of
100 kips amd a service live load of 300 kips. Effective length KL=26 ft
Critical Stress
( ) ksi 455 . 7 5 . 8 877 . 0 877 . 0 = = =
e cr
F F
NG
Design Strength
kips 140 ) 8 . 20 )( 455 . 7 ( 9 . 0 = = =
g cr c n c
A F P | | kips 600 <
Example
Select a W18 shape of A992 steel that can resist a service dead load of
100 kips amd a service live load of 300 kips. Effective length KL=26 ft
Required Area
( )
2
in 3 . 33
20 9 . 0
600
= = =
cr c
u
g
F
P
A
|
Assume NEW
Critical Stress
|
.
|

\
|
+
~ =
2
455 . 7 33
ksi 20
cr
F
Example
Select a W18 shape of A992 steel that can resist a service dead load of
100 kips amd a service live load of 300 kips. Effective length KL=26 ft
Try W 18x119
3 . 33 in 1 . 35
2
> =
g
A
Slenderness 200 0 . 116
69 . 2
12 26
min
< =

=
r
KL
OK
OK Available Area
Eulers Stress
( ) ( )
ksi 27 . 21
0 . 116
) 000 , 29 (
/
2
2
2
2
= = =
t t
r KL
E
F
e
113
50
000 , 29
71 . 4 71 . 4 = =
y
F
E
Elastic Buckling
Slenderness Limit
116
min
= <
r
KL
ELASTIC BUCKLING
Example
Select a W18 shape of A992 steel that can resist a service dead load of
100 kips amd a service live load of 300 kips. Effective length KL=26 ft
Critical Stress
( ) ksi 65 . 18 27 . 21 877 . 0 877 . 0 = = =
e cr
F F
Design Strength
kips 589 ) 1 . 35 )( 65 . 18 ( 9 . 0 = = =
g cr c n c
A F P | | kips 600 <
NG
This is very close, try next larger size
Example
Select a W18 shape of A992 steel that can resist a service dead load of
100 kips amd a service live load of 300 kips. Effective length KL=26 ft
Try W 18x130
2
in 2 . 38 =
g
A
Slenderness 200 6 . 115
70 . 2
12 26
min
< =

=
r
KL
OK
Available Area
Eulers Stress
( ) ( )
ksi 42 . 21
6 . 115
) 000 , 29 (
/
2
2
2
2
= = =
t t
r KL
E
F
e
113
50
000 , 29
71 . 4 71 . 4 = =
y
F
E
Elastic Buckling
Slenderness Limit
6 . 115
min
= <
r
KL
ELASTIC BUCKLING
Example
Select a W18 shape of A992 steel that can resist a service dead load of
100 kips amd a service live load of 300 kips. Effective length KL=26 ft
Critical Stress
( ) ksi 79 . 18 42 . 21 877 . 0 877 . 0 = = =
e cr
F F
OK
Design Strength
kips 646 ) 2 . 38 )( 79 . 18 ( 9 . 0 = = =
g cr c n c
A F P | | kips 600 >
More on Effective Length Factor
Effective Length of Columns in Frames
A
B
I
g
L
g
I
g
L
g
I
c
L
c
I
c
L
c
Assumptions
All columns under
consideration reach buckling
Simultaneously
All joints are rigid
Consider members lying in the
plane of buckling
All members have constant A
Elastic Behavior
Define:

=
g g
c c
A
L I
L I
G

=
g g
c c
B
L I
L I
G
Effective Length Factor-Alingnment Charts
Use alignment charts (Structural Stability Research Council SSRC)
AISC Commentary Figure C-C2.3 nad C-C2.4 p 16-.1-241
Connections to foundations
(a) Hinge
G is infinite - Use G=10
(b) Fixed
G=0 - Use G=1.0

Assumption of Elastic Behavior is violated when
Inelastic Flexural Buckling
min
71 . 4
r
KL
F
E
y
>
Example

=
g g
c c
L I
L I
G
Joint A
94 . 0
18 / 1830 20 / 1350
12 / 1070 12 / 833
=
+
+
=
A
G
A
B
W12x120
C
W12x120
W24x68
W24x68 W24x55
W24x55
12
15
12
W12x96
20 18
Joint B
95 . 0
18 / 1830 20 / 1350
15 / 1070 12 / 1070
=
+
+
=
B
G
Joint C
0 . 10 =
C
G
Pinned End
Sway Uninhibited
Example
AISC Commentary Figure C-C2.3 nad C-C2.4 p 16-.1-241
COLUMN AB
94 . 0 =
A
G
95 . 0 =
B
G
3 . 1 =
x
K
COLUMN BC
0 . 10 =
c
G
95 . 0 =
B
G
85 . 1 =
x
K
More on Effective Length
Effective Length of Columns in Frames
A
B
I
g
L
g
I
g
L
g
I
c
L
c
I
c
L
c
Assumptions
All columns under
consideration reach buckling
Simultaneously
All joints are rigid
Consider members lying in the
plane of buckling
All members have constant A
Elastic Behavior
Define:

=
g g
c c
A
L I
L I
G

=
g g
c c
B
L I
L I
G
Violated
Alingnment Charts & Inelastic Behavior
( )
2
2
r
KL
E
F
cr
t
=
elastic inelastic
G
E
E
L EI
L I E
G
t
g g
c c t
= =

elastic inelastic
G G
a
=t
SRF: Table 4-21 AISC Manual pp 4-317
E
E
F
F
t
cr
cr
a
= =
) elastic (
) inelastic (
t
Stiffness
Reduction
Factor
( )
2
2
r
KL
E
F
t
cr
t
=
Elastic
Inelastic
Example
Compute Stiffness Reduction Factor per LRFD for an axial compressive stress of
25 ksi and Fy=50 ksi
ksi 25 =
g
u
A
P
( )
y
F F
g c
u
inelastic
cr
F .
A
P
F
e y
658 0 ksi 27.78
9 . 0
25
) (
= = = =
|
( )
ksi 61 . 35 50 658 0 ksi 27.78
50
= =
e
F
F .
e
( ) 23 . 31 61 . 35 877 . 0 877 0
) (
= = =
e
elastic
cr
F . F
890 0
23 . 31
28 . 27
) (
) (
.
F
F
elastic
cr
inelastic
cr
a
= = = t