LIPATAN

fold
FOLDS
Folds are undulations in rocks and are best
displayed in layered sequences
(Badgley, 1965)

Anticline is opposite inclined
Syncline is together inclined (Greek)
(Billings, 1986)
Perlipatan pada perlapisan batuan akibat
deformasi.
Dalam gambaran 3 dimensi struktur lipatan
berupa kerutan berukuran kecil hingga bentuk
dome atau basin berukuran ratusan kilometer.
Lipatan akibat gaya kompresi
pada tepi lempeng, dari
kerak bumi akan me-
mendek dan menebal
(Hamilton, hal 179)

FOLDS (LIPATAN)
ANTICLINE & SYNCLINE vs ANTIFORM & SYNFORM
An anticline is a fold that is convex in the direction
of the youngest beds in the folded sequence
A special kind of anticline is a synformal anticline
A syncline is a fold that is convex in the direction
of the oldest beds in the folded sequence
A special kind of syncline is an antiformal syncline
old
young
anticline syncline
antiformal
syncline
synformal
anticline
anticline syncline
antiformal
syncline
synformal
anticline
ANTICLINE & SYNCLINE vs ANTIFORM & SYNFORM
Membentuk lengkungan ke
atas pada lapisan batuan
dengan 2 sayap, dari
lengkung maksimum ke
arah bawah.
( Hamilton, WK., hal180 )

ANTICLINE
Membentuk lengkungan ke bawah
pada lapisan batuan dengan 2
sayap, dari lengkung bawah ke arah
atas.
( Hamilton, WK., hal180 ).
SYNCLINE
Topografi dome dan basin : bagian yang naik dan bagian
yang turun dari lapisan batuan, tererosi membentuk pola
melingkar atau elipsoid. (Hamilton, WK., hal 183)
DOME and BASIN
Lipatan yang hanya mempunyai satu
sayap hampir datar
( Hamilton, WK., hal180 )
MONOCLINE
HINGE POINT
HINGE POINT=
HINGE POINT
HINGE POINT
CREST POINT
CREST POINT=
TROUGH POINT
TROUGH POINT
INFLECTION
POINT
INFLECTION
POINT
Horizontal line
Horizontal line
HINGE, CREST, TROUGH, and INFLECTION POINTS
Hinge point is a point of maximum curvature
Inflection point is a point where the curve changes
from concave to convex
Crest point is the highest point of the curvature
Trough point is the lowest point of the curvature
SYMMETRY ASYMMETRY
CULMINATION
H
C
C
C
C
I
H
H
H
H
H
H
I
I
I
SADDLE
C-C = Crest line
H-H = Hinge line
I-I = Inflection line
T-T = Trough line
T
CULMINATION and SADDLE
FOLDS
BACK LIMB
BACK LIMB
HINGE/
AXIAL
SURFACE
HINGE/
AXIAL
SURFACE
CREST
SURFACE
TROUGH
SURFACE
FORE LIMB
BACKLIMB and FORELIMB
GEOMETRY OF FOLD
PERHATIKAN ARAH PENUNJAMAN SUMBU LIPATANNYA!!
PLUNGING ANTICLINE
Syncline, Israel
Folds
Folding of Shale-Sandstone
sequence, Kings Canyon,
California
Which deformation
and stresses
cause theses structures
?
Folds
A Symmetrical folds; B Asymmetrical folds; dan C Overturned folds
Over folds;
(Tarbuck, EJ., hal 169)
SYMMETRY
(Billings, MP. Hal 50)
Symmetrical folds Asymmetrical folds
Overturned folds Overfolds Recumbent folds
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
Folds Classification
Folds
Fold classification based on interlimb angle
(Fleuty, 1964)
Interlimb Angle Description of fold
180120 Gentle
12070 Open
7030 Tight
300 Isoclinal
Negative angle Mushroom
FOLD CLASSIFICATION
DIAPIRIC (SALT) INTRUSION
DIAPIRIC FOLDS
Folded Appalachians, near Harrisburg, PA
Near Harrisburg, PA, Source: NASA
Folds
Syncline-Anticline
Pairs
+ Domes at Zagros
Mts, Iran
NASA Earth as Art web page
Folds
Grenville Dome: Sinclair, WY
Folds
Fold-thrust complex developed in Upper Jurassic limestones in the
Haut Giffre area of the Subalpine thrust belt (Morcles nappe in France)
R.W.H. Butler
Folds and thrust are both responsible for
the orogens
Folds and Faults
Sebagai panduan dalam penyelidikan geologi ke
dalam peta geologi (Hamilton WK., hal 179)
FOLD IN GEOLOGIC MAP
EXAMPLES OF OIL TRAPS
Oil and Gas Concentrate in Domes
Chernicoff and Whitney
Folds
Perangkap migas pd kubah garam
BUCKLING
BASIC FOLD MECHANISM
Mekanisme pelipatan
BUCKLING
BASIC FOLD MECHANISM
Flexural slip folding, involving layer
parallel shearing
Shear folding, involving slip planes that
transect primary layering
Kink or chevron folding, involving ductile
yielding in hinge areas and leyer-parallel
shearing along limbs.
FLEXURAL-SLIP
FOLD, FRACTURES AND LITHOLOGY
Distribution of cleavage and fracture attitude and
spacing may vary with lithology
FAULT-RELATED FOLDING
FAULT-RELATED FOLDS (lipatan krn. Pensesaran)
LESSONS LEARNED
Selama perlipatan lapisan2 yg terlipat tdk dpt mempertahankan
ketebalan aslinya.

Lapisan yg terlipat terdiri dari multilayers, lap yg berbeda
memiliki sifat mekanik yg berbeda pula.

Terjadi layer-parallel shortening sebelum perlipatan dan
homogeneous shortening selama perlipatan yg menyebabkan
penipisan di bag sayap dan penebalan di bag sumbu.

Degree of rock competency (high to low):
Sedimentary Rocks: dolomite, arkose, quartz sandstone, greywacke,
limestone, siltstone, marl, shale, anhydrite, halite
Metamorphic Rocks: meta-basalts, granite, qtz-flpar-mica gneiss,
quartzite, marble, mica shist