Introduction

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Land Surveying
Introduction to GIS
Geographic Information System
Modified from ESRI education series
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
A system of hardware, software, personnel and
procedures designed for the capture, storage,
display manipulation, analysis, querying and
output of spatially referenced geographical data
for the purpose of solving complex planning
and management problems.

What is GIS?
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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What is GIS?


Hardware Software
Data
People
Procedures
GIS
An integration of five basic components
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Query
Analyze
Store Display
Capture
Output
GIS functions
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Capturing data
480585.5, 3769234
483194.1, 3768432
485285.8, 3768391
484327.3, 3768565
483874.7, 3769823
Coordinates
Paper maps
Digital data
GPS
GIS
Data
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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X,Y X,Y
X,Y
X,Y
Reality
(A highway)
X,Y
Rows
Columns
Storing data
Vector formats
Discrete representations of reality


Raster formats
Use square cells to model reality
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Query
Identifying specific features





H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
Query
Identifying features based on conditions

Plots near CBU with an area
greater than 3000 square
meters
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Which parcels are within 50 feet of the road?
Well type Drilled
Building owner Smith
Soil type Sandy
Analysis
Proximity


Overlay


Network



H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Maps
Graphs
Display







Reports
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Document Image
Output
Internet
Paper map
GIS
Data
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Organizing spatial data
A GIS works with thematic layers of spatial data







Answer questions by comparing different layers
of data
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Representing features in vector data
Real-world entities are abstracted into three basic
shapes

Lines/Arcs/Routes
(Streets)
Areas/Polygons/Regions
(Land uses)
Points
(Retail stores)
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Map scale
city
city
Map scale determines the size and shape of
features

Large scale




Small scale


1:500
1:250000
1:24000
1:24000
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Components of geographic data
Three general components to geographic
information
Attributes
Geometry
Streets
Behavior
Rules
Streets and
highways may
not intersect

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Whats Different about GIS Data?
a location (or geospatial) component
a graphic component
can connect tabular data to map
features
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Whats Different about GIS Data?
1. Location (Geospatial) Component:

Latitude & longitude
X, Y components in a known
geographic coordinate system
A street address
A spatial index (!?)

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Whats Different about GIS Data?
2. Graphic (or Image) Component
A picture or graphic
located in reference to a
known model of the earth.
from ESRI
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Whats Different about GIS Data?
2. Graphic (or Image) Component
--- May be Thematic
A Thematic Map uses symbologies
(color or style) to depict features of
similar characteristic.
Roads of similar/different types
Land uses of similar/different types,
etc.
We need some repository of these
characteristics so that we can link them to colors
and styles on thematic maps.
Model of reality
Thematic Map
USETYPE=
PRK
IND
COM
RES
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
Whats Different About GIS Data?
3. Can connect tabular data to map features
This is our repository of common characteristics
called attributes - that support thematic maps.
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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Types of GIS Data
1. Attribute Data
2. Feature Data
3. Image Data
4. Grid Data, etc.

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying
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1. Feature Data and Attribute Tables
Types of GIS Data
Each Record in the table
is also a Feature in
the Feature Data
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying