Rev.

-02 1
SELECTION,WORKING
AND SAFETY ASPECTS
OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT,
LIFTING TACKLES
& SAFE LIFTING

Rev.-02 2
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT &
SAFETY
With modernized construction techniques in place
now a days, construction equipment forms an integral
part of any construction activity.There will be very little
doubt to the fact that progress of any construction
activity, largely depends on the extent of mobilization
and utilization of construction equipment.
Ultimately safe and successful execution of a
construction involves safe usage of construction eqpt.
Needless to mention, that the safety factor become
more predominant when the construction equipment
are being used in a operation plant


Rev.-02 3
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Broadly, the construction equipment can be classified as
below: -
Material Handling Equipment
Various types of Hydraulic & Crawlers Cranes,
Hydra ,Forklifts, and hoists, etc.
Transport Equipment
Axles, SPMT, Trailers,Pick-up vans,Trucks,Tippers,etc.
Earthmoving Equipment :
Exacavator, Loaders, Graders, Rollers,
Compactors, etc.
Rev.-02 4
Concreting Equipment
Concrete Producing Equipment such as Batching
plants, Concrete transporting eqpt. - Transit mixers and
Concrete placing eqpt. -Boom Placers and concrete
pumps
Air Compressors Electrical or Diesel Engine Driven
Welding Machines -Rectifiers,Generators.
Electrical Equipment - D.G. sets (Power Plants),
Mobile Light Mast
Misc. equipment - Winches, Dewatering Pumps,
Hydro testing Pumps, grinding m/c,cutting set, etc

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Rev.-02 5
SELECTION OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Proper selection of construction eqpt. for a
particular job is the key factor which determines the
safety and progress of any job that involves use of
construction equipment.
Following factors,in general,governs selection of
construction equipment -
Type of job to be carried out.
Quantum of job.
Availability of equipment.
Rate of Output desired from the eqpt.

Rev.-02 6
Time duration of requirement.
Site condition Soil condition, obstructions etc
Size of eqpt. With respect any restriction in the site
Maneuverability requirement
Environmental factors Atmospheric conditions like
Rain,wind etc.
Other material/tools/tackles/accessories to be used in
conjunction.


SELECTION OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Rev.-02 7
Selection of Construction Equipment
Broad Parameters for Selection (of some main category) Equipment for a perticular job
Type of Equipment Factors that govern selection
Cranes & material handling >Net Weight to be handled/lifted
(Hydraulic/Crawler Cranes of >Size of the load to be lifted
various capacities & sizes, Hydra etc) >Radius of Operation
>Height of Placement
>Quantum of job
>Site conditions - Ground bearing capability, approach available, existing
Out put desired in terms of quantity & time
>Activities involved in operation (travel with load, swing etc)
>Lifting tackles being used
>Environmental factors like wheather condition, wind speed etc
>Availibility (use of available eqpt)
>Cost factor
Transport Equipment >Type of Material to be transported
(Trailers, Pick Up Vans, >Weight & size of material to be transported
Tippers, Trucks etc) >Transporting Distance
>Means for Loading & unloading- Type & size of eqpt used
>Quantum of job
>Out put desired in terms of quantity & time
>Speicial conditions desired such as self unloading, tipping etc
>Availibility (use of available eqpt)
>Site conditions
>Cost factor
Earthmoving Equipement >Type of job to be carried out (function desired from the equipment)
(Excavators, Graders, >Quantum of job
Rollers, Loaders etc) >Out put desired in terms of quantity & time
>Site Conditions esp. condition of soil
>Availibility (use of available eqpt)
>Type & size of Hauling Eqpt (tranporting dumpers etc)
>Cost factor
Concreting Equipment
Concrete Producing >Quality & type of concrete desired
( Batching Plant, Mixing Plant etc) >Quantum of job
>Out put desired in terms of quantity & time
>Space availability & other site conditions
>Availibility of raw material, power supply & other resources
>Cost factor
Concrete Transporting >Quantity to be handled
(Transit Mixers etc) >Distance between Place of concreting & batching plant
>Out put desired
>Cost factor
Concrete Placing >Out put desired
(Concrete Pump, Boom Placers etc) >Height of Placement
>Availability of power supply
>Maneuverability required
>Cost factor
Air Compressors >Output CFM requirement
>Output Pressure Requirement
>Availability of power supply
>Cost factor
Welding Equipment >Materail to be welded
(Welding Rectifier, Generator etc) >Welding process to be used
>Electrodes to be used
>Availability of power supply
>Out put requirement
>Availibility (use of available eqpt)

Rev.-02 8
WORKING AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Safe using of Const. Eqpt (Some Guidelines) :-
Properly select the construction eqpt. Any wrong
selection can result in serious economical & safety
implications. Consult concerned experts as applicable.
Use the eqpt. in the way, it is supposed to be used.
Check for valid safety inspection certificate, other
entry passes & manuals and charts of the eqpt. before
actually using it.
Check for general condition of eqpt visual check on
its tyres, reverse horn, lights, brakes, any leakage etc.

Rev.-02 9
Before putting the eqpt into actual use, check for the vital
parameters such as Capacity, size and other parameters.
Before starting the operation,carefully check the site condition
such as ground condition, restriction from existing structures,
restriction from operation requirement, etc.
Check for the environmental factor like weather conditions,
wind speed etc.
Allow only authorized and competent personnel
Do not experiment. Consult concerned persons.
Carefully assess the risks associated with the job.
Use proper methods, tools and accessories.
Ensure Continuous supervision.
Adhere to safety rules and regulation of the plant
Feedback & reporting.
Safe using of Const. Eqpt (Some Guidelines)
Rev.-02 10
LIFTING TACKLES
The lifting tackles are the equipment used to connect
a load to the lifting machine or appliance.
The most commonly used lifting tackles are :
Wire Rope Slings
Fibre Rope & Slings
Chain Sling.
Shackles ( Bow type & D type)
The other tackles includes-
Wire ropes, hook and eye bolts, Hook chuck etc.
Lifting lugs, spreader beam etc.
Generally all the lifting tackles are identified by their
SWL(Safe Working Load). Further they can be classified
based upon their type, material, nos., and lengths etc.
Rev.-02 11
SAFE USE OF LIFTING TACKLES
Select proper Lifting tackles.
Ensure SWL of tackle before use.
Ensure tag & test certificate of the Tackle.
Visually inspect the tackle before use- Check for any
distortion,cut,dent,abrasion,wear,corrosion broken wires in
case of wire rope & slings any other visual damage.
Do not overload any Lifting Tackle.
Do not exceed the safe slinging angles.
Use proper lifting appliances & procedures .

Load
Rev.-02 12
Keep the slings/shackles away from heat ,fumes,
chemicals & exhaust gases.
Avoid using the sling/ ropes against sharp edges. If
necessary, use proper packing or padding.
Never drag the rope & slings on dirt or road.
Do not subject the slings to shock load.
The wire rope slings should be kept properly lubricated to
prevent rust.
Follow proper method of securing the dead end when
wire rope is used for lifting.
Do not twist/knot the chain sling.

SAFE USE OF LIFTING TACKLES
Rev.-02 13
Never replace shackles pin with a bolt.
Never use Pin Type Shackle without cotter pin
Do not tie slings, guy ropes to the operating facilities such
pipe line, hydrant, instrument and electrical posts and
scaffolding pipes.
Use more than 2 slings with chain blocks to balance a pipe
spool with bends and any load with irregular shapes. Balance
the load at ground before lifting.
Tighten the slings before lifting.
DShackle Loading

SAFE USE OF LIFTING TACKLES
0.7 @45 deg.
0.5 @ 90 deg
1
Rev.-02 14
Method
of
loading
Direct
loade
d
Choke hitch Basket Hitch
Round
load
Rectangular
load
Round load

Other than Round load

Included
Angle
- - - 0 60 90 120 0 60 90 120
Loading
Factors
1 0.75
0.5
2 1.73 1.41 1 1 0.87 0.71 0.5
SAFE WORKING LOADS UNDER GENERAL USE OF SINGLE-PART
SINGLE-LEG SLINGS WITH 1570 GRADE WIRE AND FIBRE CORE
WITH FERRULE SECURED EYES
Rev.-02 15
Rev.-02 16
Rev.-02 17
Rev.-02 18
SELECTION & SAFE USE OF CRANES
Properly select the crane. Select the one, which best suits
the requirements.
Know the type and range of cranes & Its configurations
available.
Know your wt. of Load, Radius, & height of load setting.
Understand & interpret the load charts.
Look at the Ground & other site conditions.
Prefer crawler cranes for continuous lifts and tire cranes for
few lifts.
Prefer lattice boom crane to telescopic crane for holding
a heavy load for a long time.
Be aware of and keep in mind, all surrounding areas,
hazards and obstructions.
Ensure on proper competency of all associated personnel.

Rev.-02 19
Rev.-02 20
Rev.-02 21
Graph
Rev.-02 22
Load
chart
Rev.-02 23
Heavy Lift Plan &Execution
Any construction activity involves numerous lifting
operations, mainly with Cranes.
Depending upon the nature of Lifting, Lifts can be
categorized as Standard, Complex or Heavy Complex Lift.
Further it can be in Hazardous or Non Hazardous area.
Any Lifting operation, is made up of two parts :
Planning Part
Actual Lifting Part.
A proper planning, followed by execution in accordance
with the planning, shall certainly ensure any Lifting as Safe
Lifting.

Rev.-02 24
Planning of Safe Lifting Operation :
1. The load, its construction, and dimensions.
2. Details of C.G, lifting &tailing lugs & location of load.
3. Plot plan with surrounding U/G& A/G details
4. Selection & position of of suitable Crane(s).
5. Calculation of capacity loading.
6. Space availability for transportation of crane & load,
assembly/dismantling of cranes at site
7. Procedure for ground preparation. It gives items to be
removed, items to be strengthened, extend of
ground preparation and methodology.

Rev.-02 25
8. Identification of Hazards:
Existence of Hydrocarbon lines, emergency
lines, emergency entry/exit, assembly point, U/G
cables, over head cables.
9. Selection of tools and tackles, & spreader beam
10. Preparation of lifting scheme with enabling work
details.
11. Carry out the Risk assessment
The Environmental Condition : Weather condition,
wind speed and other atmospheric conditions etc.
Selection Of Personnel : Skilled & experienced
personnel for rigging, slinging, signaling should only
be deployed.


Planning of Safe Lifting Operation
Rev.-02 26
Rigging Plan
Rev.-02 27
Rigging
Elev.
Rev.-02 28
CRANE RIGGING DATA
CRANE CC2500 DETAILS
MAIN BOOM LENGTH (M) 66
RADIUS (M) 15
COUNTER WEIGHT (MT) 140
CENTRAL BALLAST (MT) 30
CAPACITY (MT) 115
MAXIMUM LOAD (MT) 85
HOOK BLOCK WEIGHT (MT) 6.4
RIGGING ACCESSORIES (MT) 2.5
TOTAL LOAD (MT) 93.9
% OF CAPACITY LOADING 81.6
HOOK UP DETAILS
LIFTING CRANE
SWL 30 MT STEEL WIRE ROPE SLING 2 DIAx10m LONG-2 PARTS-2NOS.
SWL 25 MT DSHACKLE- 2NOS.
SWL 30 MT STEEL WIRE ROPE SLING 2 DIAx10m LONG-2 PARTS-1NO.
SWL 25 MT DSHACKLE-1NO.
TAILING CRANE
Rev.-02 29
1. Check before lifting :
Crane(s) in the correct configuration & positioned as
planned. Actual the radius & height.
Condition of cranes and tools & tackles.
Load details are same as considered in planning.
Ground is prepared or developed as per the requirement.
Proper Personnel - Riggers,signaller are deployed.
Risk assessment and other site condition are conducive.
Signaler should wear high visibility vest.
Keep standby such as cutting set, welding machines,
transport, etc, as applicable to meet any emergency.
Lift Execution

Rev.-02 30

Area is properly barricated.
Entry is restricted only to authorized persons
All required permits are taken
2. Lifting operation
In accordance with planning made & method
statement prepared, carry out the lift.


LIFTING OPERATION
Rev.-02 31
General Safety Features Of Crane
1. Over Hoist Limit Switch :-
Gives alarm (and trips off further hoisting),
in case of Hook Over Hoisting.
2. Boom Hoist Limit Switch (Crawler Cranes) :-
Generally a Shut Off valve which gives
alarm in operators cabin (and cuts off further hoisting),
when the boom has reached to a pre-set (maximum)
angle during hoisting.
3. Overload Limit Switch :-
Gives a warning (alarm), in case the
crane approaches Overload condition.

Rev.-02 32
4. Safe Load Indicator (SLI) :-
SLI, when fitted on crane, measures and displays following data
Radius of Load/hook
Boom Length
Boom Angle
Actual Load Lifted by Crane
Rated Capacity (SWL)
SLI is also equipped to provide :-
A2B condition, indication & Tripping in case of Over Hoisting
Analog indication of Load Moment, in terms of Green (Safe
Zone), Yellow (Alert Zone) and Red (Danger & Cut Off zone)
Indication, Alarm and Motion Cut Off, when an overload
condition has reached.

General Safety Features Of Crane
Rev.-02 33
If you over load the crane !
Rev.-02 34
If you over load the crane !
Rev.-02 35
Types of configuration available in mobile
cranes?
(a) Main boom
(b) Main boom with Super Lift
(c) Fixed Jib or Fly Jib
(d) Fixed Jib with Super lift
(e) Luffing Jib
(f) Luffing Jib with Super Lift
(g) Tower jib- Light load and better reach

Rev.-02 36
Main Boom-Normal load
Rev.-02 37
Main Boom with Super Lift-Heavy load
Rev.-02 38
Fly or fixed Jib- Better reach
Rev.-02 39
Luffing Jib-Long reach
Rev.-02 40
Luffing jib with Super lift- Heavy Load and long reach
Rev.-02 41
RIGGING SCHEME OF PRIMARY
ABSORBER PLAN VIEW
Rev.-02 42
RIGGING SCHEME OF PRIMARY
ABSORBER ELEVATION
Rev.-02 43
REMOVAL SCHEME OF
DEPANTANIZER PLAN VIEW
Rev.-02 44
REMOVAL SCHEME OF
DEPANTANIZER - ELEVATION
Rev.-02 45
Practice the following!!!
Do not keep pipe spool & structural Member on temporary
support. Make proper support and keep.
Do not position crane and other machinery near to a temporary
or permanent U/G pits or trenches. Keep a distance equivalent
to depth of pit from pit edge.
Do not position heavy crane and P&M on the water logged
area. Dewater, dry and place.
Avoid positioning Crane and P&M on the U/G cable trenches.
Not possible protect the cables with steel plates as applicable.
Level & compact the ground before placing the crane. Std
mats available with small cranes. Spread sand and steel plates
for heavy cranes movement and working.
Do not side load the crane boom & jibs.
Do not place the crane on ground with slope.
When more than one cranes are working at one location, Keep
sufficient space between the cranes.
Use ply woods under the crawler while marching crawler crane
on steel plates and concrete paving area.
Rev.-02 46