PERSONALITY

What is PERSONALITY
???
Concept
An individuals unique pattern
of thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors that persists over
time.

Definition
It can be defined as traits exhibited by a person during
interaction with others.
Personality refers to a set of unique characteristics that
makes an individual different from others.

Elements of A Personality
Represents distinctive traits.
It is an integrating and organizing
agent between physiological and
psychological facets of an
individual .
It is unique in nature.
It becomes habitual to the person.
Major contributing factors
to personality

Heredity transmission of qualities from
ancestors to descendents through a
mechanism living primarily in the
chromosomes of the gene cells
physical structure
facial attractiveness
Sex
Temperament
muscle composition
reflexes


Brain- Another biological factor that
influences personality is the role of brain of
an individual . Preliminary results from the
electrical stimulation of the brain research
gives indication that better understanding of
human personality and behavior might come
from study of the brain.

Emotional make up or temperament-
temperament is the degree to which one
responds emotionally.

Intrestthe individual normally has many
interest in many areas

Motives- motives are the inner drive of an
individual .they represent goal directed
behavior of an individual .A motive is a
coadnitive factor which operates in determining
ones behavior towards goals.

Physical traits an individuals external
apperance may have a tremendous effect on
his personality .some people give relatively
higher weightage to the physical features of an
individual while defining his personality.
Family factors family influences the behavior of a
person especially in the early stages .the nature of
such influence will depend upon the following
factors
socio economic level of the family
- family size
- birth order
- race
-Religion
-Parents educational level
-Geographic location etc

social factor the infant acquires those
behavior patterns that are customary and
acceptable to the standards of the community
where the family lives . The status of the family in
the society influences individual s perception
about self ,others ,work, money etc.

Situational factors- an individuals personality
may change in different situations . The demands
of different situations may call for different
aspects of ones personality.

Theories of Personality
Psychoanalytical
Socio-psychological
Trait theory
Self theory
Psychoanalytic
Theory
Psychoanalysis : An
overview
Developed by Sigmund Freud and his followers
in1890s .

Psychoanalysis is :

A set of philosophical descriptions of human nature.
A method of psycho theory focus on unconscious factors that
motivate behavior and encourages the use of transference as a
way for therapists to gain information and create connections
between clients and themselves.
A theory of personality which is developed through different
stages in life.

Psychoanalysis asserts that the impact of early
childhood sexuality and experiences, stored in the
unconscious, can lead to the development of adult
emotional problems.






Men are strong only so long as
they represent a strong idea.
They become powerless when
they oppose it.

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis: Elements of
Personality
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory of
personality, personality is composed of three
elements. These three elements of personality--
known as the id, the ego and the superego--work
together to create complex human behaviors. All 3
components need to be well-balanced in order to
have good amount of psychological energy available
and to have reasonable mental health.
The dynamics of personality consist of the ways in
which psychic energy is distributed to the id, ego and
superego. Because the amount of energy is limited,
one system gains control over the available energy
at the expense of the other two system. Behavior is
control by this energy.



Structures of the Mind: Id, Ego,
and Superego
Figure 14.9: Freuds Conception on the
Structure of the Mind
Psychological Structures
The Id
Biological component
Primary source of energy and
seat of instincts.
The Ego
The executive that governs,
controls and regulates the
personality.
The Superego
The judicial branch of personality.
It includes a persons moral codes
, right or wrong.
Socio-Psychological
theory
This recognizes the interdependence of
the individual on the individual and
society.
It differs from Psychoanalytic in two
respects:
Social variables and not the biological
instincts are the important determinants in
shaping personality.
behavioral motivation is conscious.
Trait Theory
Trait theorists view personality from the standpoint of
understanding traits. Among trait theorists are included
Allport, Cattell, Sheldon.

Allport :Each individual possesses a set of traits that are
not shared by any other individuals.
Cattell: Identified two categories of traits.
Surface traits(35).
Source traits(12).
Sheldon: extended physical structuring by asserting that
physique consists of three components:
Endomorphs & spherical structure
Mesomorphy (tough & muscular body)
Ectomorphy (linear & fragile)
TRAIT THEORY BY ALLPORT

PERSONALITY IS VIEWED IN TERMS OF
SEVERAL TRAITS
TRAIT RELATIVELY PERMANENT
CONSISTENT GENERAL BEHAVIOR PATTERN
THAT AN INDIVIDUAL EXBITS IN MOST
SITUATIONS.
TRAIT THEORY CONTD
BASIC UNITS OF ONES PERSONALITY
DISCOVERED THROUGH OBSERVING
BEHAVIOR IN VARIETY SITUATIONS
INDIVIDUAL IS COMBINATION OF SUM TOTAL
OF PERSONALITY TRIATS
CAN BE INBORN OR DEVELOPED
COSISTENETLY DIRECTS THE BEHAVIOR


CONTD

EACH INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPS DISTICTIVE
SETS OF TRAIT IN HIS LIFE
NUMBER ANT GRATIVITY DIFERS FROM
INDIVIDUAL TO INDIVIDUAL
SO PERSONALITY IS UNIQUE

Trait Theory of Personality by Catell
Source traits:
More basic traits forming
core of personality
Example: Introversion
is source trait in which
people withdraw
Surface traits:
Can be seen by other people
in the outward actions of a
person
Cattell's Sixteen Basic Source
Traits
Cattell's Sixteen Basic Source Traits
(continued)
The Big Five
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness
1
2
3
4
5
The Big Five Model
Extroversion:- outgoing, talkative,
sociable, assertive
Agreeableness:- trusting, good
natured, co-operative, soft- hearted
Conscientiousness:- dependable,
responsible, achievement- oriented,
persistent
Neuroticism:- relaxed, secure,
unworried
Openness to experience:-
sensitive, intellectual, imaginative,
curious, broadminded
Personality traits influencing
Organizational Behavior
Authoritarianism
Bureaucratic Personality
Machiavellianism
Locus of control
Introvert and Extrovert personalities
Self esteem
Type A and Type B
Authoritarianism
Obedient
Respect for authority
Endorse strong parental control
Close minded
Adhere to conventional values
Make good followers
Work better under directive supervision
Dogmatism-rigidity of persons belief


Machiavellianism

Manipulate others
Work for personal gains
Have high self confidence
High self esteem
Calculative
Do not feel guilt in using
unethical means

Bureaucratic personality
Respect for authority is not total and
blind
Based upon respect for rules and
regulations
Not innovative
Do not take risks
Follow established directives
Bureaucratic managers - better
supervisors: routine, repetitive,
procedurised
Locus of control
It refers to an individuals perception
of what controls his or her fate.
1. Internal:- Individuals who believe
that they control what happens to
them.
2. External:- Individuals who believe
that what happens to them is
controlled by outside forces such
as luck or chance.

Introvert and Extrovert
personalities
EXTROVERT
Outgoing
Aggressive
Emotionally expressive
Seeking novelty
Sociable
Carefree

INTROVERT
Shy
Prefer to be Alone
Quiet
Well ordered
Emotionally unexpressive
Prefer small groups

Self Esteem
Refers to the degree of respect a
person has for himself
Measure of self confidence and
respect for ones ability and
motivation
Related to assertiveness
People with high self esteem take
up challenging jobs and people with
low self esteem lack confidence
and look for approval from others

Type A and Type B
1. Type A Personality
Restless
Impatient
Desire for quick achievement and
perfectionism
2. Type B Personality
Easy going
Relaxed
Less competitive
Have balanced outlook towards life



QUESTION
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