CELLULER METABOLISM

Cells Cant Eat

Hamburgers
Cellular metabolism refers to all of the
chemical processes that occur inside living
cells.

Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying
Metabolism

_________ and _________

Degradation and Synthesis

Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

ATP Production and Energy Storage

Building and Breaking Down Molecules
Anabolic Reaction
(anabolism)
The phase of metabolism in which simple substances
are _________ into the complex materials of living
tissue.

Catabolic Reaction
(catabolism)
The metabolic ___________ of complex molecules
into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of
energy.
Metabolism Simplified
Endergonic
Reactions
Exergonic
Reactions
Catabolism and Anabolism

Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

ATP Production and Energy Storage


Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism
Cellular respiration
Food is digested to break it into smaller pieces
no energy production here.
Glycolysis coupled reactions used to make
ATP.
Occurs in cytoplasm
Doesnt require O2
Oxidation harvests electrons and uses their
energy to power ATP production.
Only in mitochondria
More powerful
Organisms catabolize (______________)
carbohydrates as the primary energy source for anabolic
reactions.

The monosaccharide __________ is used most
commonly.

Glucose catabolized by:
Aerobic cellular respiration Results in complete breakdown of glucose to
carbon dioxide, water and a lot of



Anaerobic respiration & Fermentation Only partially breaks down glucose, into
pyruvic acid and organic waste products and a little .
Carbohydrate Catabolism
ATP ATP
ATP ATP
Glycolysis
Occurs in ___________ of
most cells.

Involves splitting of a six-carbon glucose into two
three-carbon molecules of _______________.

Produces a net gain of 2

Produces 2 NADH


ATP
ATP
Cellular Metabolism Regulation
Hormonal
Enzimatic
ENZIM
Catalysts are chemical substances that speed
up a reaction without affecting the products.
Catalysts are not used up or changed in any
way during the reaction.
Enzymes are important catalysts in living
organisms.

How Does Enzyme Works
Bonds must be destabilized before any
reaction can occur even exergonic.
Activation energy must be supplied so that the
bond will break.
Heat increases rate at which molecules collide.
Catalysts can lower activation energy.
Enzymes reduce the amount of activation
energy required for a reaction to proceed.
Enzymes are not used up or altered.
Products are not altered.
Energy released is the same.
Enzyme Function
An enzyme works by binding with its substrate, the
molecule whose reaction is catalyzed.
The active site is the location on the enzyme where
the substrate fits.
Enzyme + Substrate = ES complex.
Enzyme Structure
Enzymes may be pure proteins or proteins
plus cofactors such as metallic ions or
coenzymes, organic group that contain groups
derived from vitamins.
Enzyme Specificity
Enzymes are highly specific.
There is an exact molecular fit between enzyme and
substrate.
Some enzymes work with only one substrate, others work
with a group of molecules.
Succinic dehydrogenase oxidizes only succinic acid.
Proteases will act on any protein, although they still have a
specific point of attack.
Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions are reversible.
Indicated by double arrows in reactions.
Tend to go mostly in one direction.
Reactions tend to be catalyzed by different
enzymes for each direction.
Catabolic (degradation) reaction catalyzed by
enzyme A.
Anabolic (synthesis) reaction catalyzed by
enzyme B.
Factors affected enzimatic reactions
1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Enzyme Concentration
4. Substrate Concentration
5. Effector/Inhibitor

Assignment
Read Nomenclature of Enzyme!
And See you in the Kinetic of Enzyme