COMPACTAREA

PMNTURILOR
Compactarea pmnturilor in situ:



1- Mai
dinamic,
de mn



2- Plac vibratoare




3- Cilindri netezi


4- Compresor
pe pneuri
5- Compresor cu proieminene









6- Mai greu
Definiie:

Compactarea pmntului este definit ca metoda mecanic de cretere
a densitii pmntului prin reducerea volumului de aer.
schelet
ap
Aer
schelet
ap
aer
Pmnt
compactat
Sarcina
Matricea
Pm.
g
pm (1)
=
W
T1
V
T1
g
pm (2)
=
W
T1
V
T2
g
pm (2)
> g
pm(1)

Factorii care influieneaz compactarea:
1- Tipul pmntului
2- Umiditatea pmntului (w
c
)
3- Energia de compactare
De ce compactm pmntul:
1- Cretem rezistena pmntului
2- Reducem tasrile
3- Reducem permeabilitatea
4- Reducem efectele ngheului
5- Reducem efectele eroziunii
Tipuri de compactri: (statice sau dinamice)
1- Vibrare
2- Impact
3- Amestecare
4- Presare
Se adaug ap pentru a
lubrifia suprafeele de
contact ale particulelor de
pmnt i pentru a
mbunti
compresibilitatea
pmntului
Compactarea pm. n lab:

1- Proctor standard
2- Proctor modificat
3- Compactare prin
centrifugare
Proctor standard
Proctor modificat
Compactare prin centrifugare
Compactarea pm. n Lab:

1- Proctor standard
w
c1
w
c2
w
c3
w
c4
w
c5
g
d1
g
d2
g
d3
g
d4
g
d5
Umiditatea
Optim de
compactare
W
g
d
g
d max
Zero Air Void Curve
S
r
=100%
Compaction
Curve
1
2
3
4
5
(OWC)
4 inch diameter compaction mold.
(V = 1/30 of a cubic foot)
5.5 pound hammer
25 blows
per layer
H = 12 in
Wet to
Optimum
Dry to
Optimum
Creterea umiditii
e
G
w s
dry

1
g
g
g
dry =
g
wet
W
c
100
%
1+
g
ZAV =
G
s
g
w
W
c
G
s
1+
S
r
Compactarea in Laborator:

1- Incercarea Proctor Standard








2- Proctor Modificat



Numarul de lovituri pe strat x Num[rul de straturi x Greutatea berbecului x nlimea de cadere
Volumul pmntului
Energia =
W
Dens uscata
g
d max
Curba de compactare
pentru Proctor
Standard
(OMC)
g
d max
(OMC)
Zero Air Void Curve
S
r
< 100%
Zero Air Void Curve
S
r
=100%
Zero Air Void Curve
S
r
= 60%
Curba de
compactare
pentru
Proctor
Modificat
W
d
Efectul Energiei n Compactarea Pmntului
Creterea
Energiei
Creterea energiei de
compactare
densitate n stare uscat mare
Pe teren
Creterea energiei de
compactare = creterea
numrului de treceri sau
reducerea grosimii stratului
In laborator
Creterea energiei de
compactare = creterea
numrului de lovituri
Compactarea pe teren
Din cauza diferenelor dintre laborator i teren i a metodelor de compactare,
densitatea maxim n stare uscat poate ajunge la 92% pn la 98%.
W
d
g
d max
(OMC)
ZAV
95% g
d max
Example:
The laboratory test for a standard proctor is shown below. Determine the optimum water content and
maximum dry density. If the G
s
of the soil is 2.70, draw the ZAV curve.
Solution:
g
dry =
g
wet
W
c
100
%
1+
Volume of
Proctor Mold
(ft
3
)

1/30
1/30
1/30
1/30
1/30
1/30
Weight of wet
soil in the
mold (lb)

3.88
4.09
4.23
4.28
4.24
4.19
Water
Content (%)


12
14
16
18
20
22
Volume of
Mold
(ft
3
)

1/30
1/30
1/30
1/30
1/30
1/30
Weight of wet
soil in the
mold (lb)

3.88
4.09
4.23
4.28
4.24
4.19
Water
Content
(%)

12
14
16
18
20
22
Wet Unit
Weight
(lb/ft
3
)

116.4
122.7
126.9
128.4
127.2
125.7
Dry Unit
Weight
(lb/ft
3
)

103.9
107.6
109.4
108.8
106.0
103.0
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
g
ZAV =
G
s
g
w
W
c
G
s
1+
S
r
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
g
d max
Wopt
Determinarea densitii in situ:

1- Conul cu nisip (ASTM D1556-90)







2- Balloon Dens meter
The same as the sand cone, except a rubber
balloon is used to determine the volume of the hole





3- Nuclear Density (ASTM D2292-91)
Nuclear Density meters are a quick and fairly accurate way of determining density and moisture content. The meter uses
a radioactive isotope source (Cesium 137) at the soil surface (backscatter) or from a probe placed into the soil (direct
transmission). The isotope source gives off photons (usually Gamma rays) which radiate back to the mater's detectors on
the bottom of the unit. Dense soil absorbs more radiation than loose soil and the readings reflect overall density. Water
content (ASTM D3017) can also be read, all within a few minutes.
A small hole (6" x 6" deep) is dug in the compacted material to be tested. The soil is
removed and weighed, then dried and weighed again to determine its moisture
content. A soil's moisture is figured as a percentage. The specific volume of the hole
is determined by filling it with calibrated dry sand from a jar and cone device. The dry
weight of the soil removed is divided by the volume of sand needed to fill the
hole. This gives us the density of the compacted soil in lbs per cubic foot. This
density is compared to the maximum Proctor density obtained earlier, which gives us
the relative density of the soil that was just compacted.
Nuclear Density
Sand Cone
Compaction Specifications:
Compaction performance parameters are given on a construction project in one
of two ways:

1- Method Specification
detailed instructions specify machine type, lift depths, number of
passes, machine speed and moisture content. A "recipe" is given as part of the
job specifications to accomplish the compaction needed.


2- End-result Specification
Only final compaction requirements are specified (95% modified or
standard Proctor). This method, gives the contractor much more flexibility in
determining the best, most economical method of meeting the required specs.