A QUICK GUIDE TO

CONTINUOUS WRITING
(SPM ENGLISH)
TYPES OF COMPOSITIONS

NARRATIVE

DESCRIPTIVE

FACTUAL

ARGUMENTATIVE

REFLECTIVE
1. NARRATIVE COMPOSITIONS
A narrative is a story. It has to have a beginning, a series of incidents leading
to a conflict or climax and a suitable ending.


Stories

Stories which begin with a given sentence

Stories which end with a given sentence

Tips on Writing Narrative Compositions

1.
Write a suitable introduction. Introduce your characters. Provide a setting and start the story.

2.Make your characters lively and interesting. Limit your characters to about three or four.
Your reader should be able to identify the main character and the minor characters.

3.The incidents you relate must lead to a conflict and later to a climax.

4.Resolve the conflict and end the story.



5. Make your story realistic. You can do this by one of the following methods:


a.Give actual names of places, roads, etc

b.Use dialogues

c.Give your story a time frame.

d.Bring in actual events, for example, Merdeka Day, the SEA Games, etc

Some Types of Opening

1. Describe the background to your story
This sets things off in a straightforward manner; establishing clearly your characters and situation.

Example:
There was once a poet who spent all his days shut up in his dark and shabby rented room on top
of a coffin shop.


2. Describe the setting
Describing the setting will create the mood for your story.

Example:
Towards two oclock, the huge theatre was thronged floor gallery, boxes and stage were all
crowded. So many people were gathered in front of the box offices that the management had
to telephone the police, fearing a riot.

3. Use direct speech
This can be a lively way to begin, especially if your character says something that grabs
attention.

Example :
May God wipe out my whole family if I am lying! she whispered, raising hand in oath.


4. Use sounds
Using words which convey sounds is an easy way to start on a dramatic note.

Example :
Plop! The lead at the end of the fishing line dropped into the sea.
2. DESCRIPTIVE COMPOSITIONS

Describing people


1.When describing people, select only the significant details.


2.Mention some of the following:
- build, facial features, clothing, height, hairstyle, age, size of the person, distinguishing marks or scars.


3.Mention character or personality traits, habits, behaviour and relationship with others.

Write about a person you admire
Composition outline
Introduction
- who the person is
- how you know the person

Body
- physical description
- character/personality
- habits
- important incidents
- relationship with you and others
- why you admire him/her

Conclusion
- what the person stands for
- what the person means to you
Describing places or scenes

When you describe places, pay attention to the following aspects :
Type of place
Location
Distance
Attractions
Facilities/Amenities
Accommodation

When you describe scenes, pay attention to sensory description.

Sounds
Smell
Taste
Touch
Sight
A description of a village scene on a hot
sunny day




3. FACTUAL COMPOSITIONS
The main purpose of factual composition is to INFORM. So, to write factual compositions,
you must have ACCURATE INFORMATION about the topic being discussed.

Information about a topic
Causes and effects
Analysis of problems, issues and situations and proposals for solutions

Some examples of factual topics:
Pollution causes and effects
Tuition reasons for its popularity
Tourism how to promote it
Deforestation causes and effects
E-learning benefits
Dental care importance
Smoking health effects
Mobile phones health hazards
4. ARGUMENTATIVE COMPOSITIONS
An argumentative composition requires you to develop or justify a given
argument or to put forward a particular point of view.

An argumentative composition requires you to do one of the following :

take one side of an argument and present your stand clearly
put forward your argument for and against and then make a stand
5. REFLECTIVE COMPOSITIONS
A reflective composition is one in which you express your personal
thoughts, opinions & feelings. To write reflective compositions,
you need to have a good command of the language which will enable
you to express yourself clearly.

Examples of Reflective essays:
My dream house
Things I treasure
My ideal husband or wife
Memories
The qualities I would look for in a friend
My greatest problem