2009 24/50 (48%) 12/50 (24%) 14/50 (28%) 2010 29/50 (58%) 6/50 (12%) 15/50 (30%) 2011 27/50 (54%) 8/50 (16%) 15/50 (30%) 2013 25/50 (50%) 3/50 (6%) 22/50 (44%) Scientist Famous For William Gilbert (1544-1603) Earth is a Giant Magnet Galileo Father of modern Astronomy Copernicus Earth revolves around the Sun Newton Theory of Gravitation and Mechanics Benjamin Franklin Characterized 2 types of charges Henry Cavendish Discovered Hydrogen; calculated Mass and Density of Earth Coulomb Experiments on electricity and Magnetism; established the force between 2 charges James Watt Steam Engine Alessandro Volta Study of Electricity; first Electric Battery Micheal Faraday Electromagnetic Induction; Transformer Joseph Henry First Electric Motor Inventor Invented Thomas Edison Light Bulb Wright Brother Aircraft Franklin Electricity Charles Babage First Mechanical Computer James Watt Steam Engine Alexander Bell Telephone Karl Benz Petrol Powered Engine John Browning Automatic and Semi- Automatic Rifles Rudolf Diesel Diesel Powered Engine Willem Einthoven Electrocardiogram Fleming Penicillin Marconi Radio Mendeleev Periodic Table Wilhelm C. Rontgen Discovered X-rays Units Measurement Astronomical Unit (Au) Distance Light Years Distance Parsec Distance (=3.2 Light Yrs) Ampere Current Coulomb Charge Ohm Resistance Joule Work Done/Heat Watt Power Volt Electric Potential Curie Radioactivity Becquerel Radio Activity Rad Absorbed Dose Gray Abosrbed Dose Roentgen Exposure Units Measurement Astronomical Unit (Au) Distance Light Years Distance Parsec Distance (=3.2 Light Yrs) Ampere Current Coulomb Charge Ohm Resistance Joule Work Done/Heat/Energy Watt Power Volt Electric Potential Curie Radioactivity Becquerel Radio Activity Rad Absorbed Dose Gray Abosrbed Dose Roentgen Exposure Force Newton MATTER Anything that occupies space and has mass! Classification of Matter : What is a magnet? It is an object that exhibits a strong magnetic field and will attract materials like iron it has 2 poles- North (North-seeking) and South (South Seeking N-end of Magnet points towards the Earths North Magnetic Pole What is the actual direction of Earths magnetic field? The present convention is that the North Magnetic Pole of the Earth is the South pole of the Magnetic substance of the Earths core What is a charge? A property of certain particles that will experience a force in an electric field/magnetic field It is either positive/negative It is measured in Coulombs (C) Electrons= -1.6x10^-19 1 Coulomb = 6.25x10^18 electrons Conservation of Charge? It is not possible to destroy or create charge You can cancel the effect of a charge on a body! But not destroy it Current It is the movement of charged particles Definition: Rate of Flow of Charge is called Current In other words, amount of charge flowing per second through a conductor By convention, Electric Current flows in the opposite direction to the movement of electrons It is measured in Amperes
Electric Potential: the amount of Electric Potential Energy at a point is called Electric Potential Energy Electric Potential Difference: The different in the Electric Potential Energy b/w 2 points It is also known as voltage = the work done per unit charge b/w 2 points It is the opposition of the conductor the flow of charge Its unit is Ohm Factors affecting Resistance: Area of Cross Section of Conductor- Decreases as it increases Length of the conductor- increases as length increases Temperature- increases with increase in temperature (metals) Resistivity of the object Resistors in Series: The current is same through all Voltage is different according to Resistance Total Voltage is the sum of voltages across the resistors Resistance is the sum of all the resistors
Resistors in Parallel: Current is different Potential Difference is the same across all resistors Combined Resistance is smaller than the Smaller Resistor Alternating Current Direction continuously changes Generated by a Generator Used for transportation (No voltage drops during transportation) Frequency of 40Hz to 60Hz Direct Current Does not change direction Generated by Battery No Frequency
Energy The ability to do work Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another Its unit is Joules The following are the forms of Energy Chemical- Energy stored in Fuel which is released during Chemical Reactions Kinetic Energy- Energy of a moving object Gravitational Potential Energy- energy that an object contains due to its position Elastic (Strain) Potential Energy Electrical Energy- Energy transferred by Current Thermal Energy- energy due to temperature (due to KE of particles) Nuclear Energy- Energy stored in the Nucleus Light Energy- Energy transferred through waves and light particles Sound Energy- Transferred via Sound Waves
Renewable Sources Energy exists freely in nature Some will exist infinitely (never run out and thus Renewable) Others will deplete (like coal etc.) Sources are: Biomass Wind Energy Hydro Energy Geothermal Solar Marine Wind is caused by huge convection current in the Earths atmosphere It is driven by the Suns energy As long as the sun shines we will have Winds and thus produce wind energy Moving wind has KE Converts the Potential Energy stored in water to Kinetic Energy to run the Turbines
All matter is made up of molecules and atoms The motion/vibration of these creates heat All matter has this thermal Energy/Heat The heat ceases to exist at Absolute Zero Temperature Its value is 0K or -273.15 degrees
How is heat transferred? Heat can transfer from 1 place to another in 3 ways: Conduction, Convection and Radiation Whenever there is a temperature difference between 2 systems/bodies heat will be transfered It is the transfer of heat between substances that are in direct contact with one another The better the conductor, the more rapidly heat will be transferred Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or a gas rise to cooler areas in a liquid or gas The cooler liquid or gas takes the place of the warmer gas/liquids This leads to a convection current Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact between the heat source and the object that is heated It can be transmitted through empty spaces as well