FIRST COURSE

Overview of
Operating System
Mr. Eddinel B. Valentino
BIT-CT, CHS-NC II, MOS, MTA,
MCP, MSIT
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Objectives
define an operating system;
enumerate the importance and functions of an
operating system;
identify common tasks and standards of
Operating Systems;
discuss the components of operating system ;
differentiate the types of an operating system
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What is Operating System?
Short-termed as OS

It is one of the important softwares that must be
installed on any PC.

It is a set of programs containing instructions
that coordinate all the activities among
computer hardware resources.

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Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing
input from the keyboard, sending output to the display
screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and
controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
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What is Operating System?
It acts as intermediary between the user of a
computer and the computer hardware thus,
providing an environment in which user can
execute programs.

The primary goal of an operating system is to
make the computer system convenient to use
and its secondary goal is to use the computer
hardware in an efficient manner.

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Components of Computer System
Hardware refers to the physical components of
your computer such as the system unit, mouse,
keyboard, monitor etc.
Software - is the instructions that makes the
computer work.
System Software - special type of program that loads
automatically when you start your computer (e.g. OS)
Application Software - is the type of program that
you use once the operating system has been loaded
(e.g. MS Office)

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Components of Computer System
Dataware consists of all the data needed in the
data processing.

Peopleware these are the personnel involved
in the computer systems (e.g. Programmer,
Network Administrator)
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Abstract view of the components of a
computer system
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Program Interface
Humans
User Programs
O.S. Interface
O.S.
Hardware Interface/
Privileged Instructions
Disk/Tape/Memory
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The operating system controls and coordinates the use of
the hardware among various applications programs for the
various users.
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Importance of OS
It provides services to programs and users of
that programs that would make programming
easier, convenient and efficient.
It interprets the different commands that the
user enter at the keyboard and could translate
them into actions directed at some part of the
system much as input and output devices for
error handling during operation and transfer of
information between primary and secondary
storage.
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Functions of OS
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Importance of OS
It attempts to schedule computational activities
to ensure good and correct performance of the
computing system as it place them in and out of
the memory.
It schedules and supervises the simultaneous
execution of several programs.

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Common Tasks of Operating Systems
1. Operating Systems Processor Management:
This involves ensuring that all the system
resources receive sufficient processes time for
expected functioning as well as making sure that
the processer is used to its optimum capacity.
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Common Tasks of Operating Systems
2. Operating Systems-Memory Management or
Storage Management: Computer systems have
different types of memories such as temporary
(RAM, Cache, etc.) as well as permanent
memories (Hard Drives, USB Drives, etc.). It is the
job of an Operating System to allocate the
relevant and necessary memory space to the
applications & devices for efficient and optimum
processing of information.


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Common Tasks of Operating Systems
3. Operating Systems-Device Management:
Managing the inputs and outputs of various
devices / peripherals is also one of the critical
functions of an Operating Systems. With the help
of device drivers, the OS controls flow of
information with the necessary allocation of
system resources to ensure correct input and
output.
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Common Tasks of Operating Systems
4. Operating Systems-Application Management:
As the OS manages the devices using drivers, it
also manages the various applications running on
a computer using different Application Program
Interfaces (APIs). Based on the data received
from the application through the APIs, the OS
performs actions to provide the expected results.

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Common Tasks of Operating Systems
5. Operating Systems-User Interface: A user
interface provides a consistent way of
interaction between the user and the computer
system. The OS acts as an engine to provide
means of interaction between user and
computer through the user interfaces.

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Common Tasks of Operating Systems
6. Operating Systems for devices other than
computers - Electronic devices other computers
also require Operating Systems of one form or
another to function as per expectation. Example
- cell phone, mp3 players. Accordingly, the
Operating Systems designed to drive these
devices are also programmed differently.

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Operating System Components
Note: Obviously, not all systems have the same structure. However,
many modern operating system share the system components, as
follows:
1. Process Management - A process is the unit of
work in a system. Such a system consists of a
collection of processes, some of which are OS
processes (those that executed system files)
and the rest of which are users processes
(those that executed user code). All of these
processes can potentially concurrently
executed.

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Continuation
The following activities are OS responsibility in
connection with process management:
The creation and deletion of both user and system
processes
The suspension or resumption of processes
The provision of mechanism for process
synchronization
The provision of mechanism for deadlock handling

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Operating System Components
2. Memory Management
Memory is central to the operation of modern
computer system. For a program to be
executed, it must be mapped to absolute
addresses and loaded into memory. As the
program executes, it accesses program
instructions and data from memory by
generating these absolute as declared available,
and the next program may be loaded and
executed.

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Continuation
The operating system is responsible for the
following activities in connection with memory
management.
Keep track of which parts of memory are currently
being used and by whom.
Decide which processes are to be loaded into
memory space becomes available.
Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.

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Operating System Components
3. Secondary Storage Management
Programs that computer executes, together with
the data computer accesses, must be in main
memory during execution. But then the main
memory is too small to permanently
accommodate all data and programs, the
computer system must provide secondary
storage to back-up main memory.

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Operating System Components
4. I/O System
One of the purposes of an operating system is to
hide the peculiarities of specific hardware
devices from the user. The I/O system consist of:
A buffer catching system
A general device driver code
Drivers for specific hardware device

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Operating System Components
5. File Management
File management is one of the most visible
services of an OS. For convenient use of the
computer system, the OS provides a uniform
logical view of information storage. The
operating system implements the abstracts from
the physical properties of its storage devices to
define a logical storage unit, the file.

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Continuation
The operating system is responsible for the
following activities in connection with file
management.
The creation and deletion of files
The creation and deletion of directory

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Operating System Components
6. Protection System
Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling
the access of programs, processes, or users to
the resources defined by a computer controls to
be imposed, together with some means of
enforcement
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Operating System Components
7. Networking
A distributed system is a collection of processors
that do not share memory or a clock. Instead,
each processor has its own local memory, and
the processors communicate with each other
through various communication lines, such as
high speed buses or telephone lines. Distributed
systems vary in size and function. They may
involve microprocessors, workstations,
minicomputers, and large general purpose
computer systems.

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Types of Operating Systems
Real-time operating system (RTOS) - used to
control machinery, scientific instruments and
industrial systems. An RTOS typically has very
little user-interface capability, and no end-user
utilities, since the system will be a "sealed box"
when delivered for use.
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Types of Operating Systems
Single-user, single task - As the name implies,
this operating system is designed to manage the
computer so that one user can effectively do one
thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm handheld
computers is a good example of a modern single-
user, single-task operating system.
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Types of Operating Systems
Single-user, multi-tasking - This is the type of
operating system most people use on their
desktop and laptop computers today. Microsoft's
Windows platforms are both examples of
operating systems that will let a single user have
several programs in operation at the same time.
For example, it's entirely possible for a Windows
user to be writing a note in a word processor
while downloading a file from the Internet while
printing the text of an e-mail message.
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Types of Operating Systems
Multi-user - A multi-user operating system
allows many different users to take advantage of
the computer's resources simultaneously. The
operating system must make sure that the
requirements of the various users are balanced,
and that each of the programs they are using has
sufficient and separate resources so that a
problem with one user doesn't affect the entire
community of users. Unix, VMS and mainframe
operating systems, such as MVS, are examples of
multi-user operating systems.

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Booting the system
Booting is the process of starting or
restarting a computer.
When you turn on a computer after it has
been powered off completely, you are
performing a cold boot.
A warm boot or warm start is the process of
restarting a computer that already is powered
on (by pressing Ctrl-Alt-Del or the Restart
button)

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Steps in Computer Booting
1. The power supply sends a signal to the
components in the system unit.
2. The processor looks for the BIOS.
The BIOS, which stands for Basic Input Output
System, is a firmware that contains the computers
startup instructions. A firmware consists of ROM
chips that contain permanently written instructions.
3. The BIOS performs the POST to make sure that
the computer hardware is connected properly
and operating correctly.
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POST (Power-on Self Test)
The power-on self test (POST) checks the various
system components, such as mouse, keyboard
connectors and expansion cards. As the POST,
executes, LED flicker on devices, including the
disk drives and keyboard. Several beep also
sounds, and messages display on the monitors
screen.

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Steps in Computer Booting
4. The POST results are compared with data in the
CMOS chip.
The CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor) chip stores configuration
information about the computer, such as the
amount of memory, type of disk drives,
keyboard, and monitor; the current date and
time; and other start up information.

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POST (Power-on Self Test)
If the system encounters an error during
the POST test, it tells the user in two ways:
If the error occurs before the display device is
initialized, a series of beeps will be
transmitted.
If the error occurs after the display device is
initialized, the screen will display the error
message.

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Steps in Computer Booting
5. The BIOS looks for the system files in the hard
disk. Usually, the BIOS looks for the first hard
disk drive (drive C).
6. The boot program loads of the operating
system into memory (RAM) and execute.
7. The operating system loads configuration
information and displays the desktop screen.
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The User Interface
Command Line Interface (CLI) A type of user
interface wherein the user enters the commands
at the keyboard and the program responds by
operating in a specific manner.

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The User Interface
Menu Based Interface A
type of user interface
wherein the commands for
the programs are typically
given via menu selections. It
offers the user a choice of
command words that can be
activated by typing a letter,
pressing a direction key or
pointing with a mouse.

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The User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI) A type of
interface wherein the programs and commands
are represented in graphical forms called icons.
A good example of this type of user interface is
Microsoft Windows.
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The User Interface
Voice Operated Interface It explores the
concept of a hand held computer that has no
keyboard or visual display, but uses a speech
interface instead. Information is stored in an
audio format, as opposed to text, and accessed
by issuing spoken commands instead of typing.
Feedback is also provided aurally instead of
visually.

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VODIS
VODIS (Voice Operated Driving Information
System)

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The User Interface
Web-Based User
Interface Accept input
and provides output by
generating web pages
which are transported via
the internet and viewed
by the user using a web
browser program.

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