Annexure B Handover

Wireless Curriculum Development Section
ISSUE
OMF010002 Handover
1.5
Summary of Handover
HO Algorithm process
HO Data Configuration
HO Signaling process
Course Contents
Summary of HOPurposes of HO
Purposes of HO
To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS
To improve network service performance
To reduce the call drop rate
To reduce the congestion rate

Classification of HO:
Emergency HO
Timing Advance (TA) Emergency HO
Bad quality (BQ) Emergency HO
Rx_Level_Drop Emergency HO
Interference Emergency HO
load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
Power Budget (PBGT) HO
Speed-sensitive HO (Fast moving MS HO)
Concentric Cell HO
Summary of HOClassification of HO
Summary of Handover (HO)
Course Contents

General HO process
Measurement report preprocessing
Penalty processing
Basic ranking and Secondary ranking
HO judgment
General process of HO Algorithm
M.R.
preprocessing
Penalty
processing
Basic ranking
Secondary
ranking
HO judgement
TA emergency HO
BQ emergency HO
RSD emergency
HO
Interf. emergency HO
Load Sharing HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
PBGT HO
Processing
program
OM forced HO
Directed retry
Overlaid/underlaid HO
Fast moving MS
HO
1
1
General HO process
Penalty processing
Basic ranking and secondary ranking
HO judgment
Measurement Report Preprocessing
Measurement Report (MR):
Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality.
Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink
receiving quality of the serving cell and other downlink receiving
levels from the neighbor cells.

Serving cell
Neighbour cell
The downlink
measurement report of the
neighbour cell (BCCH)
The downlink
measurement report
of the serving cell
The uplink
measurement report of
MS

Measurement Report Preprocess
MR interpolation
Every time BSC receives a measurement report, there will be an
update to the basic rank of the cells.
BTS may fail to receive the measurement report from MS.
Before the rank-update, BSC needs to recover the lost
measurement reports according to Filter Table. If the lost MR
amount is within the allowed range, then recovers the lost MR
according to the algorithm.

How to interpolate MR?
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
Measurement
report No. n
Measurement report
No. n+4
ContinuousMR
flow
Measurement Report Preprocess

General HO process
Penalty processing
HO judgment
Penalty Processing
There are altogether four types of penalty process (second
step of HO algorithm process )
Penalty on the target cell when a HO fails.
Penalty on the original serving cell when an emergency HO
( base on BQ and TA ) is performed.
Penalty on other high priority layer cells after a fast moving HO
is performed.
A new HO attempt is prohibited within the penalty time after an
overlaid/underlaid HO fails.
BTS
HO failure
BSC
Cell A
Cell B
Penalty Processing
Penalty on the target cell:
Punish the target cell when a HO fails. This is to avoid the MS
to select this cell again in next HO judgment.
BTS
BQ& TA HO
BSC
Cell A
Cell B
Penalty Processing
Penalty on the serving cell:
Punish the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( due to
BQ and TA) occurs.
Back? No way!
Umbrella
Micro cell
Penalty Processing
Giving penalty on the other three layers after MS handovers to
Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO. This is to keep MS staying
in the umbrella cell and avoid frequent HO.
Underlaid
Overlaid
Do not
attempt
again after a
failed HO!
Penalty Processing
A new Overlaid/underlaid HO is prohibited within a penalty
time after an Overlaid/Underlaid HO failure.

General HO process
Penalty processing
HO judgment

Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking
Basic ranking and secondary ranking of cells are major parts
of the HO judgment. Ranking is made through 16bits-
algorithm. The serving cell and the neighbor cells will be listed
in a cell list according to their 16bits value. The ranking
processes include:
M rule
K rule
16bits ranking

M rule:
Only the cells with received signal level satisfy the following conditions can be put into the
candidate cell list.
For serving cell: RX_LEV (o) >MSRXMIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o))
i.e : RX_LEV(o) MSRXMIN(o)-MAX(0,Pa(o)) > 0 .. ( 1 )

For Neighbor cell: RX_LEV (n) > MSRXMIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n))+ OFFSET

i.e : Having the same formula as above
Pa(0) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(0) P
Pa(n) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) P
MS_TXPWR_MAX( ) : The appointed MS transmitting power by the BSS.
P : Max_Power_of_MS
Max_Power_of_MS : MS maximum transmitting power

K rule Criterion:
After the M rule , the serving cell and candidate neighbor cells
are ranked in descending order according to the receiving level
only.


The 16bits rule
Both the serving cell and the neighbor cells have their own
16bits value. The smaller the value is, the higher the priority and
position the cell is in the cell list.

The 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell signal
level and the penalty process taking place beforehand.
The values come from max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell
according to the level ranges from 000~110. The value for the cell
with the strongest signal level is 000.

16
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The 4th bit: bit value is determined by inter-cell HO ( of the same
layer ) hysteresis.
The 4th bit of the serving cell is always 0,
The receiving signal level of the neighbor cell >= The receiving level
of the serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis,
bit 4th is set to 0.
The receiving level of the neighbor cell < The receiving level of the
serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is
set to 1.
Note: In PBGT HO, whichever the greater of the inter-cell ( of the same
layer ) hysteresis and PBGT threshold, that value will be used in the
PBGT HO.
16 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their position
in Huawei hierarchical network structure.
When the signal level of the neighbor cells or the serving cell is
lower than the layer HO threshold and hysteresis, this function is
turned off and all bits are set to 0.
That is to say only when the above criterions are met, then this
function take effect.
Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can
be further divided into 16 different priorities. So there are 64
different priorities in Huawei hierarchical cell structure.
16 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
GSM900
Cell
Micro Cell
Umbrella
Cell
GSM 900
GSM1800
GSM1800 GSM1800
GSM 900 GSM 900 GSM 900
GSM900 GSM900
GSM1800 GSM1800
GSM900 GSM900
GSM1800 GSM1800
GSM1800
Cell

Hierarchical cell structure

The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.
Serving cell: if Cell Load>= Start threshold of load HO, bit 11th is
set to 1, otherwise is set to 0.
Neighbor cell: if Cell Load>=Receive threshold of load HO, bit 11th
is set to 1, otherwise is set to 0.
Refer to Load HO Table for the load HO threshold and load req.
on candidate cell.
Clue : When the cell load is higher than the threshold, then the bit 11th
is set to 1.This is done in order to put the cell in a lower part of the cell
list.
16 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

12th bit: bit value is decided by co-BSC criterion.
Serving cell: is always set to 0.
Neighbor cell: if co-BSC with the serving cell, 12th bit is set to 0,
otherwise is set to 1.
When the signal level from the neighbor cell or the serving cell is
lower than layer HO threshold and hysteresis. This function is
turned off and the value is set to 0.
If the parameter Co-BSC/MSC Adj. in the HO control table is set
to No, then this function is turned off and the value is 0.
13th bit : Bit value is decided by Co-MSC parameter, having the
same concept as the 12th bit.
16 9 10 11
12
13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The 14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit
Serving cell criterion:
Receive level >= layer HO threshold layer HO hysteresis, bit 14th is set
to 0. At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and 10th5th bits are set to 0.
If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1.
Example : 20-5 = 15 ( -95 dBm )
16 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Neighbor cell criterion:
Receive level >=layer HO threshold + layer HO hysteresis, bit 14th is
set to 0. At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and 10th5th bits are set to 0
If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1.
Example : 20+5 = 25 ( -85 dBm )
note :
The layer HO threshold and hierarchical hysteresis correspond to the
value of that individual cells value.
Usual situation : When the neighbor cells are of the same layer, each of
the neighbor cells layer HO threshold value will be the same. Same
concept goes for the layer HO hysteresis. This can maintain the entire
hierarchical layers of the cell.

16 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The 15th bit: Bit value is decided by cell type
Serving cell or Neighbor cells:
When cell type is extension cell 1.
When cell type is normal cell 0.
The 16th bit: Reserved bit
16 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

General HO process
Penalty processing
HO judgment

HO Algorithm
Initializing
M rule
K rule
16bits rule
Emergency HO judgment
Load-HO judgment
Normal HO judgment
Fast moving HO judgment
Layer HO judgment
PBGT HO judgment
Send HO command
Send HO command
Send HO command
Overlaid/under laid HO
judgment
Edge HO judgment
Forced HO Direct re-try
O&M reason
Types of HO
Types of HO :
Emergency HO
TA & BQ HO, interference HO, Rx_Level_Drop HO
Load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO, layer cell HO and PBGT HO
Fast moving HO
Overlaid/underlaid HO

Emergency HO
TA HO criterion :
TA of the serving cell > TA Thrsh.
BQ HO criterion :
The average value of the uplink quality of the serving cell >
UL Qual. Thrsh.
The average value of the downlink quality of the serving cell >
DL Qual. Thrsh.
Requirements on the target cell (same as the above two types
of HO):
Select the first cell in the neighbor cell list i.e. lowest 16bits
value.
Emergency HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO:
Due to downlink signal level drop
Triggered upon detecting rapid level drop during MS busy mode.
Requirements for the target cell:
The target cell is the first cell in the neighbor cell list.

Emergency HO
Interference HO (DL&UL) :
When the receiving level > receiving threshold level. But
Receiving quality < threshold of quality interference.
The target cell is in the cell list.

Cell Load HO
Cell Load HO Criterions :
System load of BSC < Permissible load of HO threshold
Load of serving cell > Load HO threshold
Requirements for the target cell
Load of target cell < Load HO threshold
BTS
BSC
Normal HO
Edge HO Criterion:
In N seconds, when there are P seconds that neighbor cells DL
or MSs UL signal level is lower than the Edge HO threshold.
Then the criterion is met and Edge HO occurs. This method
utilizes the P/N rule.
The target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.

Normal HO
Layer HO criterions:
Serving cell :
No requirement.
Target cell :
Layer of the target cell is lower than the serving cell.
Receive level of the target cell > layer cell threshold + layer cell
hysteresis.
Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell. The priority
of target cell should be higher than the serving cells.

PBGT HO Criterions :
Target cells path loss is smaller than the serving cells path loss
by the PBGT threshold value.
Satisfying the P/N rule.
Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
Note :
PBGT HO can only occur between same-priority cell. If the
system permits PBGT HO for the cell, PBGT HO can occur in
either inter-BSC or inter-MSC.
PBGT HO
Fast-Moving HO
When the serving cell is micro cell :
When the MS has traveled through P numbers of cell, and there
are Q (=<P) numbers of cell that the MS has traveled in high
speed, the criteria is satisfied. MS will be handed over to
umbrella cell.
When the serving cell is umbrella cell :
When the MS is traveling high speed in umbrella cell, a greater
penalty can be given to the micro cell for a duration of time
(penalty time). In this way, the MS will not use the micro cell.
Note :In this case, the micro cell is only used under urgency
conditions( Poor TA and BQ ).
underlaid
overlaid
Overlaid/ underlaid :
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink
receive level and TA value.
Overlaid/Underlaid HO
Criterion for HO from overlaid to underlaid:
TA value => TA threshold + TA hysteresis Or
RX_LEV <= RX_LEV threshold RX_LEV hysteresis
Satisfying P/N rule
Criterion for HO from underlaid to overlaid:
TA value =< TA threshold TA hysteresis and
RX_LEV =< RX_LEV threshold + RX_LEV hysteresis
Satisfying P/N rule
Overlaid/Underlaid HO
Question
Can you list the function of each bit in 16bit ranking?
What is the period of measurement report?

Course Contents
Major HO Parameters Configuration
Major HO parameter configuration
1.[Handover Control Table]
2.[Cell Description Table]
3.[Adjacent Cell Relation Table]
4.[Penalty Table]
5.[Emergency Handover Table]
6.[Load Handover Table]
7.[Normal Handover Table]
8.[Fast-Moving Handover Table]
9.[Concentric Cell Handover Table]
HO data lookup process
[Handover Control Table] -1
Parameter
name
Meaning Value range Recommen
ded value
Co-BSC/MSC
Adj.
It means whether the 12
th
and 13
th
bits acts in the 16bit order.
Yes means handover in the same BSC/MSC is preferred.
No means that the 12
th
and 13
th
bits are shielded and set to
0.
Yes, No Yes
Penalty
allowed
It determines whether to punish the target cell of handover
failure, or the original served cell of handover upon too big TA
or bad quality. The penalty measures can apply to cells in or
out of the same BSC.
Yes, No No
Load HO
allowed
It determines whether to perform the handover to share traffic
load. Load sharing can lower the channel assignment failure
ratio caused by cell congestion, so as to make evener
allocation of the service in respective cells, and lower the cell
congestion rate , and improve network performance. It on ly
applies in the same BSC or cells at the same level.
Yes, No No
MS Fast
moving HO
allowed
It determines whether to handle the fast moving MS with the
algorithm. It is only recommended in special a reas (such as a
highway), to lower CPU load. This algorithm should only be
used in suitable conditions, and usually it is not applied.
Yes, No No

[Handover Control Table] -2
Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended
value
RX_Level_Drop
HO allowed
It means whether RX_Level_Drop emergency
handover algorithm is allowed, handover the MS
which receiving signal level is dropping quickly in
advance to avoid potential call drop. This algorithm
should be applied in suitable conditions, and usually it
is not used. To apply the handover algorithm, BSC
must have original measurement report.
Yes, No No
PBGT HO
allowed
It means whether PBGT handover algorithm is
allowed. PBGT handover algorithm currently is
processed on LAPD board. To avoid Ping -pang
handover, PBGT handover is only performed between
cells at the same layer and with the same priority, and
meanwhile it is only triggered on TCH.
Yes, No Yes
MS power
prediction after
HO
It means after a handover whether MS is to use
proper predicted transmitting power to access the
new channel. This can reduce system interference
and improve service qualit y (this parameter acts
when intra BSC handover occurs).
Yes, No Yes

Parameter
name
Meaning Value range Recommended
value
MR.
Preprocessing
Yes means perform measureme nt report
preprocessing on BTS; No means preprocessing on
BSC, then the two parameters of Send original
measurement report and Send BS/MS power level
do not act. Yes means decreasing of Abis interface
signaling and BSC load, and improving of network
response time performance. The switch determines
where to perform power control. When it is set to
Yes, power control is performed at BTS side. When
it is set to No, power control is performed at BSC
side. When setting this parameter, first be clear
whether BTS supports the power control algorithm to
set or not.
Yes, No Yes

[Handover control table] -3
Parameter
name
value
Transfer
original MR.
It means whether to send the original measurement
report to BSC after measurement report preprocessing
on BTS. When it is set to Yes, BTS sends not only
processed measurement rep ort but also original
measurement report to BSC.
Yes, No No
Transfer
BS/MS power
class
It means whether to send BS/MS power level from BTS
to BSC. This function is used to view the effect of power
control on BTS. Meanwhile, when preprocessing is
available, if BS/MS power level is not reported, the uplink
and downlink balance measurements will be affected,
and handover types such as PBGT handover and
overlaid/underlaid handover needing power
compensation will be abnormal.
Yes, No Yes

Parameter
name
value
Sent Freq. of
preprocessed
MR.
It indicates the time interval at which a measurement report
is preprocessed at B TS side and sent to BSC the
Preprocessed measurement report. This parameter acts
only when Measurement report pre-processing is enabled.
For 15:1 link configuration, the report frequency should be
as low as once per second due to limited link resource. At
this time, for handover nee ding P/N judgment such as edge
handover, layer handove r, PBGT handover and
overlaid/underlaid handover,

Twice per
second, Once
per second
According to
concrete
conditions

Parameter
name
Meaning Value
range
Recommended
value
Layer of the
cell
Huwei hierarchical network structure is divided into 4 layers. 16
priorities can be set for each layer, which provides enough room
of network planning for the operator to adapt to various complex
network environment. Normally, Macro layer is the major 900
layer, Micro layer is the major 1800 layer, Pico is the 900 and
1800 micro cell layer. The smaller layer value, the higher
priority.
The
1
st
~4
th

layers
M900: the 3
rd

layer
M1800: the 2
nd

layer
Cell priority Each layer may have 16 priorities, used to control the handover
priority between cells at the same layer. Usually priorities of
cells at the same layer are set the same. For cells at the same
layer, the smaller the priority value, the higher the priority.
1~16
priorities
1
Layer HO
Thrsh.
It affects the value of the 14th bit in the 16bit ranking, and it is
also the level requirement on the target cell for int erference
handover, layer handover and load handover. Then su ch level
should be higher than layer h andover threshold + layer
handover hysteresis. The layer handover threshold should be
set >= Edge handover threshold + Inter -cell handover
hysteresis.
0~63 25
Layer HO
hysteresis
Works together with the Layer handover threshold. 0~63dB 3

[Cell Description Table] -1
Parameter
name
value
Penalty on
MS Fasting
moving HO
It is valid when the fast m oving handover algorithm is
enabled. It is the signal level penalty value on the other
neighbor cells when MS moves fast and is handed over
to umbrella cell. The paramete r is only valid within the
penalty time.
0~63dB 30
Penalty
Time on MS
Fasting
moving HO
It means that within this tim e, the penalty on the other
neighbor cells will be exerted a fter MS is handed over
to umbrella cell by fast moving HO.
0~255
seconds
40
Min DL level
0n
candidate
cell
This is the min signal level requirement for the cell itself
to be a candidate cell . Too low configuration may easily
cause call drops, while too high a configuration might
turn handover too hard to occur.
0~63 15

[Cell Description Table] -2
Parameter
name
value
Ncell ID Neighbor cell ID index. 0~255 for
internal cell;
0~799 for
external cell

Min access
level offset
This offset is based on Min downlink level of handover
candidate cell. Different offsets can be defined for different
adjacent cells, and to enter the can didate cell list, the
corresponding adjacent cell rec eiving signal level must be
higher tha n the sum of Mi n downlink level of handover
candidate cell and Min. Access level offset.
0~63 0

[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -1
Parameter
name
value
PBGT HO
Thrsh.
It means that PBGT handover is performed when the
difference between the target cell downlink path loss and the
serving cell downlink path loss is bigger than PBGT handover
threshold. Whe n PBGT handover is enabled , and Inter -cell
handover hysteresis > PBGT handover threshold
(corresponding dB value), Inter -cell handover hysteresis
takes place of PBGT handover threshold to act. . PBGT
handover threshold also needs to be adjusted acc ording to
handover performance statistics result.
0~127,corresp
onding to
--64~63dB
It is around 68 in the
densely populated
downtown, and
around 72 on the
outskirts.
Inter-cell HO
hysteresis
Handover hysteresis between an adjacent cell and the serving
cell. It is set to reduce Ping -pang HO. The hysteresis value
also needs to be adjusted according to the handover
performance statistics result and live network. Flexible
configuration of the value can effectively lead handover and
traffic between two adjacent cells.
0~63db It is around 4 in the
densely populated
downtown, and
around 8 on the
outskirts.

[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -2

[Penalty Table] -1
Parameter
name
value
Penalty level
after HO fail
The signal level value in dB, to punish the target cell
which has caused a HO failure due to problems such
as congestion , to prevent MS from a handover
re-attempt to that ce ll again. This value is only valid
within the penalty time for handover failure.
0~63dB 30
Penalty time
after HO fail
Penalty time on the corresponding target cell after
handover failure
0~60 seconds 10
Penalty level
after BQ HO
fail
The signal level pen alty value for the original serving
cell, to avoid Ping -pang handover after emergency
handover upon bad quality. It is only valid within the
penalty time for BQ HO.
0~63dB 63
Penalty time
after BQ HO
fail
Penalty time for the original serving cell after BQ HO. 0~60 seconds 10


[Penalty Table] -2
Parameter
name
value
Penalty
level after
TA HO fail
The signal strength penalty value for the original serving cell,
to avoid Ping -pang handover after TA emergency
handover. It is only valid within the penalty time for ta
handover.
0~63dB 63
Penalty time
after TA HO
fail
Penalty time for the original serving cell after TA emergency
handover.
0~60Seconds 10
Penalty time
after IUO
HO fail
After an overlaid/underlaid handover failure (big circle hands
over to small circle o r vice versa), within certain time (this
parameter configuration value) overlaid/und erlaid handover
is forbidden for the same call.
0~16Seconds 10


[Emergency Handover Table] -1
Parameter
name
value
TA Thrsh. When TAthis value, emergency handover is
triggered
0~63 bit
period
63
DL QUAL.
Thrsh
The downlink receiving quality threshold for BQ
emergency handover. When frequency hopping or
DTX is enabled, RQ becomes worse (normal
phenomenon), this value should be set to 70. The
adjustment should also base on the current network
quality and handover statistics. When triggering
emergency handover, the first to select is the inter-
cell handover, the intra-cell handover is only
triggered when there is no candidate cell and the
intra-cell handover is allowed in the serving cell.
0~70,
correspondin
g to BQ levels
of 0~7
60
UL QUAL.
Thrsh.
The uplink receiving quality threshold for BQ
emergency HO.
correspondin
g to BQ levels
of 0~7
60

Parameter
name
value
UL
Qual.Thrsh.
for interf.
HO
Uplink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for
interference handover. When frequency hopping or DTX is
enbaled, RQ becomes worse (normal phenomenon), this
value should be set to 60. The adjustment should also base
on the current network quality and handover statistics. When
triggering interference handover. If the serving cell is in the
first position and intra-cell handover is permitted, perform
intra-cell handover. Otherwise select the second candidate
cell to perform inter-cell handover.
corresponding
to BQ levels of
0~7
50, interference
quality threshold
must be better than
the emergency
quality threshold
DL Qual.
Thrsh. For
interf HO.
Downlink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for
interference handover.
0~70,
corresponding
to BQ levels of
0~7
50


Paramete
r name
value
UL
RX_LEV
Thrsh. for
interf.HO
Min uplink receiving power threshold from the serving cell
required for interf. HO, when interference handover is
triggered if the uplink quality is worse than quality thr eshold
and at this time the uplink signal level is higher than the signal
threshold. When triggering interference handover, If the
serving cell is in the first posi tion in the cell list, and intra-cell
handover permitted, then start intra -cell HO. Otherwise select
the second cell to perform inter-cell HO.
0~63 25
DL
RX_LEV
Thrsh. for
interf HO.
Min downlink receiving power threshold from the serving cell
required for interf. HO.
0~63 30


Parameter
name
value
Filter
parameters
A1~A8
Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal
drop judgment, and together with filter parameter
B, they are 9 parameters for a filter. The
corresponding formula is (in the program, A1~A8
is configuration value minus 10 and B is the
negative configuration value):
C1(nt)=A1C(nt)+A2C(nt-t)+A3C(nt 2t)+
+A8C(nt-7t)
Where, C (nt) is the receiving signal level in the
uplink measurement report of the serving cell
sent at the time of nt. If C1 (nt) < B, and C (nt) is
below the edge handover threshold, then the
signal level is considered to be of rapid drop.
0~20 10
Filter
parameter B
Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal
drop judgment. Please refer to the explanation
for A1~A8 of filter.
0~255 0

[Load Handover Table] -1
Parameter
name
value
System flux
Thrsh. for
load HO
The pre-condition for load HO is that the system flow (signaling
flow) is lower the threshold. This value can not be set too high
because load handover upon max threshold may cause serious
effect to the system.
0, 8~11 system
flow levels,
corresponding
to 0, 70, 80, 90
and 95.
10
Load HO
Thrsh
Load handover is triggered when the serving cell load is higher
than the threshold, TCH seized in the cell has reaching the
corresponding percentage.
0~7 cell load
levels,
corresponding
to 0, 50, 60, 70,
75, 80, 85, 90
5
Load Req. on
candidate cell
The Load threshold for the ta rget cells that can accept MS from
serving cel l in load HO, i.e. when the TCH under Idle mode in
the neighbor cell is lower than the corresponding percentage ,
the cell refuses to accept MS from serving cell handed over due
to the load reason.
0~7,
corresponding
to 0, 50, 60, 70,
75, 80, 85, 90
2


[Load Handover Table] -2
Parameter
name
value
Load HO
bandwidth
This config uration is related to the edge handover
threshold. Load handover is only allowed when the MS
receiving level from the serving cell is within the range of
margin handover threshold, margin handover threshold +
load handover bandwidth.
0~63db 25
Load HO step
period
When a cell is up to conditions for load handover, all calls
within the serving cell will send handover request at the
same time, this will cause abrupt increase on processor
load, and under certain conditions this will cause the
target cell congestion and result in call drops. Thereby,
step by step load handover algorithm is used to control
handover. The cycle is the time needed for handovers of
each step.
1~60 seconds 10
Load HO step
level
The whole load HO bandwidth will be divided into several
sub-bands by this parameter.
1~63db 5


[Normal Handover Table] -1
Parameter
name
Meaning Value range Recommended value
Edge HO UL
RX_LEV
Thrsh.
During the statistics time, if the time in which the uplink
receiving level is lower than the value is longer than
certain time called continuous time, edge handover
will be performed. If PBGT handover is enabled,
Corresponding edge handover threshold will be set
lower.
0 ~ 63 25 (without PBGT
handover, downtown),
15 (single station on
outskirts), 15 (with
PBGT handover,
downtown)
Edge HO DL
RX_LEV
Thrsh.
Downlink consideration for edge HO. 63 30 (without PBGT
handover, downtown),
20 (single station on
outskirts), 20 (with
PBGT handover,
downtown)

Parameter
name
value
Edge HO
watch time
It means that within the time statistics, if the
time in which the signal level is lower than
threshold is higher than the continuous time,
then margin HO is to be triggered.
1~16 seconds 5
Edge valid
time
See the above. 1~16 seconds 4


Parameter
name
value
PBGT watch
time
Statistics time for PBGT HO signal level judgment. 1~16 seconds 5
PBGT valid
time
Continuous time for PBGT HO signal level judgment. 1~16 seconds 4


Parameter
name
value
Layer HO
watch time
Statistics time for Layer HO judgment 1~16 seconds 5
Layer HO
valid time
Continuous time for Layer HO judgment. 1~16 seconds 4


[Fast-Moving Handover Table]
Parameter
name
value
MS
Fast-moving
watch cells
The cell sum P for judge whether MS is fast moving.
The value, if too large, may cause abrupt increase of
system flow, while too small value may cause
inaccurate judgment for fast moving MS.
1~10 3
MS
Fast-moving
valid cells
The cell sum N by which MS actually quickly passes. If
within P cells that MS continuously past, the number of
cells by which the MS is judged to pass quickly is equal
to or more than N, then the MS will b e judged as a fast
moving MS.
1~10 2
MS
Fast-moving
time Thrsh.
The time threshold (2r/v) determined by the cell radius
(r) and moving speed (v). If the time in which MS
passes the cell is smaller than the threshold, then MS
is judged to quickly pass the cell.
0~255
seconds
15


[Concentric Cell Handover Table] -1
Parameter
name
Meaning Value range Recommended value
UO signal
intensity
difference
BTS transmitting Power difference between
underlaid and overlaid may cause MS receiving
signal intensity difference in underlaid and overlaid .
The parameter uaually indicates the antenna EIRP
difference in dB between underlaid cell and overlaid
cell. According to field measurement, multi-point
measurement is necessary if the underlaid and
overlaid use different antenna.
0~63db Set according to
actual conditions

Parameter
name
value
RX_LEV
Thrsh
Rx level hysteresis, TA threshold and TA hysteresis
jointly define underlaid area and overlaid area. It
must be bigger than edge handover threshold, and
the recommended value is: edge handover
threshold + signal intensity difference between
underlaid and overlaid .
0~63 25
RX_LEV
hysteresis
Works with Rx threshold. 0~63 5
TA Thrsh. It must be bigger than TA emergency handover
threshold.
0~63 bit period,
with 1 bit period
corresponding to
0.55km
TA hysteresis Works with TA threshold. 0~63 bit period
Parameter name Meaning Value
range
Recommended
value
UO HO watch time P/N judgment statistics time for U/O HO judgment. 0~16
seconds
5
UO HO valid time P/N judgment continuous time for U/O HO judgment. 0~16
seconds
4


Parameter
name
value
Assign
optimum
layer
In Overlaid/Underlaid, the following selection are available
for TCH assignment: (1) The system judges according to
the measurement report on SDCCH and assign to the
best sub-cell. (2) Select the overlaid first for TCH
assignment. (3) Select the underlaid first for TCH
assignment. (4) Do not give extra priority.
System
optimization,
overlaid ,
underlaid , no
preferential
System optimization
Assign-
optimum
level Thrsh.
If system optimization is selected, estimate (interpolate,
filter) current SDCCH level value through uplink
measurement value in the former SDCCH measurement
report, and compare with Assign-optimum Level
threshold, so as to assign overlaid or underlaid channel.
If SDCCH is in the overlaid : edge handover threshold +
signal intensity difference between underlaid and overlaid
+ uplink and downlink balance allowance + SDCCH and
TCH difference allowance. If SDCCH is in the underlaid :
edge handover threshold + uplink and downlink balance
allowance + SDCCH and TCH difference allowance.
0~63
Parameter
name
Meaning Value
range
Recommended
value
Pref. subcell
in HO of
intra-BSC
When the cell is configured into a Overlaid/Underlaid, there
are two processing methods for incoming handover request
in BSC: (1) No special processing for channel assignment.
(2) Add BCCH signal level value of the target cell in inter-
cell handover request message to BSC to make BSC
allocate optimum channel for MS from underlaid or
overlaid .
Yes, No Yes
Incoming-to-
BSC HO
optimum
layer
If there is a incoming BSC HO, and the target cell is a
Overlaid/Underlaid, then, this parameter will show which
layer is preferred to provide service for the MS.
overlaid ,
underlaid ,
none
None
HO Parameters Configuration
BA2 table defines BCCH frequencies of all neighbor cells. It is
sent to MS by system message 5, system message 5-bis and
system message 5ter on SACCH channel.
MS reports the serving cell and BCCH, BSIC and signal levels of
6 strongest neighbor cells to BSS. This is done through SACCH.
MR pre-process is done in BTS. Module number, cell number
and CGI of all neighbor cells are derived from Adjacent cell
Relation Table, and Cell Description Table (or External Cell
Description Table) through BCCH and BSIC in the MR.

BSC performs HO judgment process, such as basic rank of cells
(completed in LAPD board). When BSC finds suitable target, It
sends HO request messages containing the target CGI to MPU
of BSC. According to CGI, MPU derive the module number of
the cell from Cell Module Information Table.
MPU sends a HO command message to the target module and
step up the inter-cell/ intra-cell HO request counter by one.
Summary of BSC HO
Course Contents
Intra BSC Handover
Intra MSC Handover
Inter MSC Handover
Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process
MS
MS
BTS1
BTS2
BSC
MSC
Measurement Report from MS
Channel_Active
Channel_Active ACK
HANDOVER COMMAND
Handover Access
Handover_Detect
PHY INFO
First SABM
Establish_IND
PHY INFO
Handover Complete
Handover_Performed
Attention
In asynchronous HO, if MS could not reach the new TCH
channel after the target cell has sent PHY INFO up to max times,
the target cell reports CONN FAIL IND to BSC with the reason:
HO access failure.
After the above message is received, BSC release the assigned
TCH channel in the target cell .
Max resend times of physical information*Radio link connection
timer > Time interval between EST IND and HO DETECT
(120~180ms). This is to make sure that the physical information
reach MS.
MS BTS BTS BSC MSC
Measurement Report
Measurement Report
Channel_Activate
Channel_Activate ACK
Handover Command (Old FACCH)
Handover Access (New FACCH)
Handover Complete (New FACCH)
RF Channel Release
Handover Performed
T09++
T12++
T10++
T13++
Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers
Attempted incoming internal inter cell handovers
Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers
Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers
(Original) (Target)

Handover formula definition
Internal inter cell radio handover success rate
=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful
outgoing internal inter cell handovers) / (Incoming internal inter cell
handovers + Outgoing internal inter cell handovers )
Internal inter cell handover success rate
=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful
outgoing internal inter cell handovers) / (Attempted incoming internal
inter cell handovers + Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers)
Internal inter cell radio handover success rate >= Internal inter
cell handover success rate

Measurement Points of Intra BSC Handover
Intra BSC Handover
Intra MSC Handover
Inter MSC Handover

MS BTS BTS BSC1 BSC2 MSC (original) (Target)
Measurement Report
Measurement Report
Handover Required
Handover Request
Channel_Active
Channel_Active_ACK
Handover_Request_ACK
Handover Command
Handover Access
Handover Detect
Handover Complete
Handover Complete
Clear Command (HO Successful)
RF Channel Release
Clear Complete
Attempted outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers
Attempted incoming interBSC inter cell handovers
Successful incoming inter BSC handovers
Successful outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers
Signaling intra MSC
Intra-MSC HO Signaling process
Intra BSC Handover
Intra MSC Handover
Inter MSC Handover

Signaling process between MSC
MSC-B MSC-A VLR-B BSC-A BSC-B
HO-REQUIRED
MAP_Prepare_HO
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK
MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM
MAP_Send_HO_Repor
t
MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK
MS
HO-REQUEST
HO-REQUEST-ACK
HO-Command
MS
HO-Access
MAP_Process_Access_Signalling
HO-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal
Clear-Command
Clear-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK
Some intermediate steps are omitted
IAI
ACM
Measurement Points of Inter-BSC Handover
Signaling process between MSC
MSC-B MSC-A VLR-B BSC-A BSC-B
HO-REQUIRED
MAP_Prepare_HO
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK
MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM
MAP_Send_HO_Repor
t
MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK
MS
HO-REQUEST
HO-REQUEST-ACK
HO-Command
MS
HO-Access
MAP_Process_Access_Signalling
HO-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal
Clear-Command
Clear-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK
Some intermediate steps are omitted
IAI
ACM
Measurement Points of Inter-BSC Handover
Inter-MSC HO Signaling process
Signaling process Abnormal conditions
The following conditions will cause HO failure
MSC-B fails to identify the target cell.
MSC-B does not allow HO to the indicated target cell.
The target cell has no channel available.
VLR-B has no HO number available.
HO error or unsuitable data.

Roaming
E
MS
MSCa MSCb
MSCb'
VLRb
VLRb'
BSS2
BSS2'
Radio transmission signal measurement
HO REQUIRED (target cell table)
Perform subsequent HO(MAP) (target cell ID, serving cell ID, MSC number)
Perform HO
(target cell ID, serving cell ID, channel type)
HO REQUEST (PCM&Channel type)
HO REQUEST ACKNOWLmargin (including New TCH number and HO number)
Allocate HO number
Send HO report(HON)
Radio channel ack. (MAP) (includes New TCH number and HON)
IAI
ACM
Subsequent HO ack.
HO COMMAND
HO DETECT
HO COMPLETE
Send end signal (MAP)
ANS
End signal (MAP)
Release HO report
Release HON
CLEAR COMMAND
CLEAR COMPLETE
Release (TUP)
Cut physical connection between MSCa and MSCb
End signal (MAP)
Release (TUP/ISUP)
Release HO report
Release HON
Cut physical connection between MSCAa and MSCb'
~
~
~
~
MS
Inter MSC HOSubsequent HO process
Highway
MSC-A
MSC-C
MSC-B
MSC-C
Inter MSC HOSubsequent HO process
Subsequent HO
Inter MSC HO Signaling process
Statistics countersame as
Intra MSC HO, Statistics is
handled by BSC
HO formula-- same as Intra
MSC HO
Basic process of HO Signaling process
1. There is no HO request information for intra-BSC HO, and all of the HO are analyzed
and processed in BSC. Once the target cell as required is found in the BSC, Channel
activation information is sent to it directly.
2. When the target cell is not in the same BSC, BSC reports CGI numbers of the serving
cell and target cell, and HO cause to MSC through Ho-Required. When MSC finds
the LAC of the target cell is in the MSC, it sends Ho-Request to the BSC of the target
cell, and the target BSC activates the target cell channel to complete the following
procedure.
3. When MSC finds that the target cell LAC does not belong to the MSC, it will query its
LAI and GCI Table (including LAC and router address of the adjacent MSC), and
send Prepare-HO message to the target MSC-B according to the router address. The
message includes CGI of the target cell and indication whether or not to allocate HO
number, etc. According to the message, the target MSC-B sends HO-Request
message to the target BSC-B after demanding HO number (unless it is not required in
the indication) from VLR-B, and sends Prepare-HO acknowledgement to serving
MSC after received HO-Request acknowledgement, to execute the next procedure.
Intra-BSC HO and Inter-BSC HO
Major differences:
Inter BSC HO transfers HO-REQ message through MSC, with
CGI of the serving cell and target cell carried in the message.
Intra BSC HO does not have any CGI in any messages, it is
handled inside BSC.
Intra BSC HO only sends HO-Performed to MSC upon
completion of HO, and MSC is not involved before that time.
In inter BSC HO, MSC is involved since the HO request .

Question
What is the content of PHY INFO? When will the system
send this message to MS?
Why Internal inter cell radio handover success rate >=
Internal inter cell handover success rate?

Annexure B Handover

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