Transmission Media and Antenna

McGraw-Hill
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transmission Media and
Antenna Systems

Principles of Electronic Communication Systems
Louis Frenzel

Electronic Communication Systems
Wayne Tomasi

McGraw-Hill
Transmission Lines

McGraw-Hill
Topics Covered
13-1: Transmission-Line Basics
13-2: Characteristic Impedance
McGraw-Hill
Electric field
Produced by the presence of
electrically charged particles,
and gives rise to the electric
force.
Magnetic field
Produced by the motion of
electric charges, or electric
current, and gives rise to the
magnetic force associated
with magnets.
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
Transmission lines in communication carry telephone
signals, computer data in LANs, TV signals in cable
TV systems, and signals from a transmitter to an
antenna or from an antenna to a receiver.
Their electrical characteristics are critical and must be
_____________to the equipment for successful
communication to take place.
Transmission lines are also _______.
McGraw-Hill
The two primary requirements of a transmission line
are:
1. The line should introduce __________ attenuation to
the signal.
2. The line should _______ radiate any of the signal as
radio energy.
McGraw-Hill
Types of Transmission Lines
Parallel-wire line is made of two _________conductors
separated by a space of _____inch to ______inches.
McGraw-Hill
Parallel-wire line

300- twin-lead

McGraw-Hill
Twisted-pair cable uses two insulated solid _________
wires covered with insulation and loosely twisted
together.

Two types of twisted-pair cable are
(UTP) cable (STP) cable

McGraw-Hill
Coaxial Cable. It consists of a solid center conductor
surrounded by a _________ material, usually a plastic
insulator such as Teflon.

McGraw-Hill
A second conducting shield made of fine wires
covers the insulator, and an outer plastic sheath
insulates the braid.
Coaxial cable comes in sizes from ________to several
inches in diameter.

McGraw-Hill
Balanced Versus Unbalanced Lines
Transmission lines can be balanced or unbalanced.
A balanced line is one in which _________ wire is
connected to ground.
The signal on each wire is referenced to__________.
In an unbalanced line, _________conductor is
connected to ground.
McGraw-Hill
Figure 13-1: Common types of transmission lines. (a) Open-wire line. (b) Open-wire
line called twin lead. (c) Coaxial cable (d) Twisted-pair cable.
McGraw-Hill
Figure 13-2: (a) Balanced line. (b) Unbalanced line.
McGraw-Hill
Balanced Versus Unbalanced Lines
Balanced-line wires offer significant protection from
noise pickup and cross talk.
Coaxial cables are unbalanced lines.
Coaxial cable and shielded twisted-pair provide
significant but not complete protection from noise or
cross talk.
Unshielded lines may pick up signals and cross talk and
can even radiate energy, resulting in an undesirable
loss of signal.
A device called a balun is used to convert from
balanced to unbalanced lines and vice versa.
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
Transmission-Line Basics
1. Determine the characteristic impedance for an air
dielectric two wire parallel transmission line with a
D/r ratio = 12.22
2. Determine the characteristic impedance for an RG-
59A coaxial cable with the following specifications:
L= 0.118 H/ft, C = 21pF/ft, d = 0.025 in., D = 0.15
in. , and = 2.23.
McGraw-Hill
Summary
1. The input impedance of an infinitely long line at RF
is resistive and equal to Zo.
2. The ratio of voltage to current at any point along the
line is equal to Zo.
3. In a non resonant line TEM travels without
reflection
4. Line losses are minimum in a non resonant line
McGraw-Hill
5. A Tx line terminated in a purely resistive load
equal to Zo acts as if it were an infinite line.
a. Zi = Zo
b. There are no reflected waves
c. V and I are in phase
d. There is maximum power transfer from
source to load
McGraw-Hill
Velocity Factor
The speed of the signal in the transmission line is
________ than the speed of a signal in free space.
The velocity of propagation of a signal in a cable is
_________ the velocity of propagation of light in free
space by a fraction called the velocity factor (VF).
VF = V
p
/V
c
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
1. For a given length of RG-8A/U coaxial cable with a
distributed capacitance of C = 241.56 nH/m, a
distributed inductance of L = 241.56 nH/m and a
dielectric constant of r = 2.3 determine the velocity
of propagation and the velocity factor.
McGraw-Hill
Wavelength of Cables
The electrical length of conductors is typically
_____compared to 1 wavelength of the frequency they
carry.
A pair of current-carrying conductors is not considered
to be a transmission line unless it is at least _______
long at the signal frequency.
McGraw-Hill
Connectors
Most transmission lines terminate in some kind of
connector, a device that connects the cable to a piece
of equipment or to another cable.
Connectors are a common failure point in many
applications.

McGraw-Hill
Connectors: Coaxial Cable Connectors
Coaxial cables are designed not only to provide a
convenient way to attach and disconnect equipment
and cables but also to maintain the physical integrity
and electrical properties of the cable.
The most common types are the PL-259 or UHF, BNC,
F, SMA, and N-type connectors.
The PL-259, also referred to as a UHF connector, can
be used up to low UHF frequencies (less than 500
MHz.)

McGraw-Hill
Figure 13-3: UHF connectors. (a) PL-259 male connector. (b) Internal construction and
connections for the PL-259. (c) SO-239 female chassis connector.
McGraw-Hill
Connectors: Coaxial Cable Connectors
BNC connectors are widely used on 0.25 inch coaxial
cables for attaching test equipment.
In BNC connectors the center conductor of the cable is
soldered or crimped to a male pin and the shield braid is
attached the body of the connector.
The least expensive coaxial connector is the F-type,
which is used for TV sets, VCRs, DVD players, and
cable TV.
The RCA phonograph connector is used primarily in
audio equipment.
The best performing coaxial connector is the N-type,
which is used mainly on large coaxial cable at higher
frequencies.
McGraw-Hill
Figure 13-4: BNC connectors. (a) Male. (b) Female. (c) Barrel connector. (d) T
connector.
McGraw-Hill
Figure 13-6: The F connector used on TV sets, VCRs, and cable TV boxes.
McGraw-Hill
Figure 13-7: RCA phonograph connectors are sometimes used for RF connectors up
to VHF.
McGraw-Hill
Figure 13-8: N-type coaxial connector.
McGraw-Hill
Time Delay
Because the velocity of propagation of a transmission
line is less than the velocity of propagation in free
space, any line will slow down or delay any signal
applied to it.
A signal applied at one end of a line appears some time
later at the other end of the line.
This is called the time delay or __________.
A transmission line used specifically for the purpose of
achieving delay is called a delay line.
McGraw-Hill
Figure 13-11: The effect of the time delay of a transmission line on signals. (a) Sine
wave delay causes a lagging phase shift. (b) Pulse delay.
McGraw-Hill
Transmission-Line Specifications
Attenuation is _____________ proportional to cable
length and increases with frequency.
A transmission line is a _________ filter whose cutoff
frequency depends on distributed inductance and
capacitance along the line and on length.
It is important to use larger, low-loss cables for longer
runs despite cost and handling inconvenience.
A gain antenna can be used to offset cable loss.
McGraw-Hill
Figure 13-14: Attenuation versus length for RG-58A/U coaxial cable. Note that both
scales on the graph are logarithmic.
McGraw-Hill
1. A 165 ft. RG-8A/U at 100 MHZ is being used to
connect a tx to an antenna. Its attenuation for 100ft
at 100 MHz is 5.3 dB. Its input power from a
transmitter is 100 W. What are the total attenuation
and the output power to the antenna?.
McGraw-Hill
Transmission-Line Specifications
Many coaxial cables are designated by an
alphanumeric code beginning with the letters RG or a
manufacturers part number.
Primary specifications are characteristic impedance and
attenuation.
Other important specifications are maximum breakdown
voltage rating, capacitance per foot, velocity factor, and
outside diameter in inches.
The attenuation is the amount of power lost per 100 ft of
cable expressed in decibels at 100 MHz.
McGraw-Hill
1.A 150 ft. length RG-62A/U coaxial cable is used as a transmission line. Find
a. the load impedance that must be terminated to avoid reflections
b. inductance per foot c. the time delay introduced by the cable
d. phase shift that occurs on a 2.5 MHz sine wave
e. total attenuation in decibels
McGraw-Hill
13-2: Standing Waves
When a signal is applied to a transmission line, it
appears at the other end of the line some time later
because of the propagation _______.
If the load on the line is an _______, the signal is
converted into electromagnetic energy and radiated
into space.
If the load at the end of the line is an open or a short
circuit or has an impedance other than the
characteristic impedance of the line, the signal is
_______fully absorbed by the load.
McGraw-Hill
When a line is not terminated properly, some of the
energy is ____________ and moves back up the line,
toward the generator.
This reflected voltage adds to the forward or incident
generator voltage and forms a composite voltage that
is distributed along the line.
The pattern of voltage and its related current
constitute what is called a ___________________.
Standing waves are not desirable.
McGraw-Hill
Figure 13-15: How a pulse propagates along a transmission line.
McGraw-Hill
Matched Lines
A _________________is one terminated in a load that
has a resistive impedance equal to the characteristic
impedance of the line.
Alternating voltage (or current) at any point on a
matched line is a constant value. A correctly terminated
transmission line is said to be __________.
The power sent down the line toward the load is
called_____________.
Power not absorbed by the load is_____________.
McGraw-Hill
Figure 13-16: A transmission line must be terminated in its characteristic impedance for
proper operation.
McGraw-Hill
Calculating the Standing Wave Ratio
The magnitude of the standing waves on a transmission
line is determined by the ratio of the maximum current
to the minimum current, or the ratio of the maximum
voltage to the minimum voltage, along the line.
These ratios are referred to as the standing wave ratio
(SWR).
SWR =
I
max
I
min
=
V
max
V
min

McGraw-Hill
An RG-11/U foam coaxial cable has a maximum
voltage standing wave of 52 V and a minimum voltage
of 17 V. Find (a) SWR, (b) the reflection coefficient,
and (c) the value of the resistive load (d) disregarding
attenuation due to length if the line input to the cable is
30 solve for the output power.
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
13-3: Transmission Lines
as Circuit Elements
The standing wave conditions resulting from open-
and short-circuited loads must usually be avoided
when working with transmission lines.

With quarter- and half-wavelength transmissions,
these open- and short-circuited loads can be used as
resonant or reactive circuits.
McGraw-Hill
Review: Tuned Circuits
Tuned Circuits and Resonance
A tuned circuit is made up of inductance and
capacitance and resonates at a specific frequency,
the___________________.
The terms tuned circuit and resonant circuit are used
interchangeably.
Tuned circuits are ________________and respond best
at their resonant frequency.
McGraw-Hill
Review : Tuned Circuits
Tuned Circuits and Resonance: Series Resonant Circuits
A series resonant circuit is made up of inductance,
capacitance and resistance connected in series.
Series resonant circuits are often referred to as LCR or
RLC circuits.
Resonance occurs when inductive and capacitive
reactances are _____.
McGraw-Hill
2-2: Tuned Circuits
Tuned Circuits and Resonance: Series Resonant
Circuits
Example:
What is the resonant frequency of a 2.7-pF capacitor and
a 33-nH inductor?

McGraw-Hill
2-2: Tuned Circuits
Tuned Circuits and Resonance: Series Resonant Circuits
The _______________ of a series resonant circuit is the
narrow frequency range over which the current is highest.
________________are the current levels at which the
frequency response is 70.7% of the peak value of
resonance.

McGraw-Hill
2-2: Tuned Circuits
Example:
What value of inductance will resonate with a 12 pF
capacitor at 49 Mhz?

McGraw-Hill
2-2: Tuned Circuits
Figure 2-13: Series RLC circuit.
Figure 2-14 Variation of reactance with frequency.
McGraw-Hill
2-2: Tuned Circuits
Figure 2-16: Bandwidth of a series resonant circuit.
McGraw-Hill
2-2: Tuned Circuits
Tuned Circuits and Resonance: Parallel Resonant
Circuits
A parallel resonant circuit is formed when the inductor
and capacitor of a tuned circuit are connected in parallel
with the applied voltage.
A parallel resonant circuit is often referred to as a LCR or
RLC circuit.
Resonance occurs when inductive and capacitive
reactances are equal.
The resonant frequency (f
r
) is inversely proportional to
inductance and capacitance.
McGraw-Hill
2-2: Tuned Circuits
Figure 2-19: Parallel resonant circuit currents. (a) Parallel resonant circuit. (b) Current
relationships in parallel resonant circuit.
McGraw-Hill
2-2: Tuned Circuits
Tuned Circuits and Resonance: Parallel Resonant
Circuits
At resonance, a parallel tuned circuit appears to
have infinite resistance
draw no current from the source
have infinite impedance
act as an open circuit.
However, there is a high circulating current between the
inductor and capacitor, storing and transferring energy
between them.

McGraw-Hill
Review: Filters
A filter is a frequency-selective circuit.
Filters pass certain frequencies and reject others.
_______________are created using components such
as: resistors, capacitors, and inductors that do not
amplify.
_______________use amplifying devices such as
transistors and operational amplifiers.
McGraw-Hill
Attenuation
____________________________________________

Figure 2-3: A voltage divider introduces attenuation.
Review: Gain, Attenuation,
and Decibels
McGraw-Hill
2-3: Filters
Figure 2-24: RC low-pass filter. (a) Circuit.
McGraw-Hill
2-3: Filters
Figure 2-28: (a) RC high-pass filter. (b) RL high-pass filter.
McGraw-Hill
2-3: Filters
Figure 2-29: RC notch filter.
McGraw-Hill
as Circuit Elements
Resonant Circuits and Reactive Components
Shorted and open quarter wavelengths act like
________ tuned or resonant circuits at the reference
frequency.
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
as Circuit Elements
Resonant Circuits and Reactive Components
With an open line, a one-quarter wavelength line looks
like a _____ resonant circuit to the generator, and a
one-half wavelength line looks like a _______ resonant
circuit, just the opposite of a shorted line.
If the line is less than one-quarter wavelength(open),
the generator sees a __________.
If the line is between one-quarter and one-half
wavelength(open), the generator sees an _________.
These characteristics repeat for lines that are some
multiple of one-quarter or one-half wavelengths.
McGraw-Hill
Figure 13-25: Summary of impedance and reactance variations of shorted and open
lines for lengths up to one wavelength.
McGraw-Hill
as Circuit Elements
Stripline and Microstrip
Special transmission lines constructed with copper
patterns on a printed circuit board (PCB), called
microstrip or stripline, can be used as tuned circuits,
filters, phase shifters, reactive components, and
impedance-matching circuits at high frequencies.
McGraw-Hill
as Circuit Elements
Microstrip is a flat conductor separated by an
insulating dielectric from a large conducting ground
plane.
The microstrip is usually a quarter or half wavelength
long.
The ground plane is the circuit common and is
equivalent to an unbalanced line.
The characteristic impedance of microstrip is dependent
on its physical characteristics.

McGraw-Hill
as Circuit Elements
Figure 13-26: Microstrip. (a) Unbalanced. (b) Balanced.
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
A microstrip transmission line is to be used as a
capacitor of 4 pF at 800 MHz. The PCB dielectric is
3.6. The microstrip dimensions are h = 0.0625 in;
w = 0.13 in ; and t = 0.002 in. What are the (a)
characteristic impedance of the line and (b) the
reactance of the capacitor?
McGraw-Hill
as Circuit Elements
Stripline is a flat conductor sandwiched between two
ground planes.
It is more difficult to make than microstrip; however, it
does not radiate as microstrip does.
The length is one-quarter or one-half wavelength at the
desired operating frequency.
Shorted lines are more commonly used than open lines.
McGraw-Hill
as Circuit Elements
Figure 13-28: Stripline.
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
A stripline transmission line is to be used as a
reactance circuit. The PCB dielectric is 4.5. The
stripline dimensions are h = 0.0125 in; w = 0.13 in;
d = 0.2 in ; and t = 0.004 in. What are the (a)
characteristic impedance of the line?
McGraw-Hill
13-4: The Smith Chart
The mathematics required to design and analyze
transmission lines is complex, whether the line is a
physical cable connecting a transceiver to an antenna
or is being used as a filter or impedance-matching
network.
This is because the impedances involved are complex
ones, involving both resistive and reactive elements.
The impedances are in the familiar rectangular form, R
+ jX.

McGraw-Hill
The Smith Chart is a sophisticated graph that permits
visual solutions to transmission line calculations.
Despite the availability of the computing options today,
this format provides a more or less standardized way
of viewing and solving transmission-line and related
problems.
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
The horizontal axis is the pure resistance or zero-
reactance line.
The point at the far left end of the line represents zero
resistance, and the point at the far right represents
infinite resistance. The resistance circles are centered
on and pass through this pure resistance line.
The circles are all tangent to one another at the infinite
resistance point, and the centers of all the circles fall
on the resistance line.

McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
Any point on the outer circle represents a resistance of
0 .
The R = 1 circle passes through the exact center of
the resistance line and is known as the prime center.
Values of pure resistance and the characteristic
impedance of transmission line are plotted on this line.
The linear scales printed at the bottom of Smith charts
are used to find the SWR, dB loss, and reflection
coefficient.
McGraw-Hill
Plot in normalize form the following impedances on
a smith chart. Z1 = 80 + j25 and Z2 = 35 j98
assuming a prime center value of 52 .
McGraw-Hill
The operating frequency for a 24 ft piece of RG-
58A/U with a velocity factor 0f 0.66 coaxial cable is
140 MHz. The load is resistive, with a resistance of
93 . What is the impedance seen by the
transmitter?

An antenna is connected to the 24 ft 53.5 RG
58A/U described in the previous example. The load
is 40 + j30. What impedance does the transmitter
see?
McGraw-Hill
A 50 ft RG 11/U foam dielectric coaxial cable with a
characteristic impedance of 75 and a velocity
factor of 0.8 has an operating frequency of 72 MHz.
The load is an antenna whose actual impedance is
unknown. A measurement at the transmitter end of
the cable gives a complex impedance of 82 + j43.
What is the impedance of the antenna?

McGraw-Hill
Plot the load impedance 104 j58 on a coaxial line
on a smith chart. Assume a characteristic
impedance value of 75 . Then find the SWR.

If the operating frequency is 230 MHz and the
cable length is 30 ft. for the previous example,
what is the impedance at the generator if the
velocity factor is 0.66?
McGraw-Hill
Figure 13-30: The Smith chart.

Transmission Media and Antenna

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Transmission Media and Antenna

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

McGraw-Hill

2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

S-ar putea să vă placă și