WORD CLASSES

TEE MEI JUAN

NGUI WAN ZOO
LIM HUI HUAN
CONJUNCTIONS
PREPOSITIONS
INTERJECTIONS
CONJUCTIONS
TEE MEI JUAN
Words used as joiners.
Different kinds of conjunctions join
different kinds of grammatical
structures.

Conjunctions
Kinds of
Conjunctions
A. Coordinating
Conjunctions
( FANBOYS)
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Join equals to one another
words to words
Phrases to phrases
Clauses to clauses
Examples:
Word to word : Most children like cookies and
milk.
Phrase to phrase : The gold is hidden at the
beach or by the lakeside.
Clause to clause : What you say and what you do
are two different things.
A coordinating conjunction joining two
independent clauses creates a compound sentence
and requires a comma before the coordinating
conjunction.
Examples :
Tom ate all the peanuts, so Phil ate the
cookies.
I dont care for the beach, but I enjoy a good
vacation in the mountains.
B.
Correlative
Conjunctions
either. . .or
both. . . and
neither. . . nor
not only. . . but also

These pairs of conjunctions require
equal (parallel) structures after each
one.
C.
Conjunctive
Adverbs
These conjunctions
join independent
clauses together.
After all
Also
As a result
Besides
Consequently
Finally
For example
Furthermore
In addition
Incidentally
Examples :

The tire was flat; therefore, we
called a service station.

It was a hot day; nevertheless,
the roofers worked on the
project all day.

D.
Subordinating
Conjunctions
After
Although
As
As far as
As soon as
As if
As though
Because
Before
Even if
When the dependent clause is
placed first in a sentence, use a
comma between the two clauses.

When the independent clause is
placed first and the dependent
clause second, do not separate the
two clauses with a comma.
PREPOSITION
NGUI WAN ZOO
What are preposition?
Preposition are used to show the
relationship or connection of a word
with other words. In this chapter, you
will learn to recognise and use the
common preposition for position,
movement and time.
Examples:
1. Do not lean against the wall .
preposition
noun
2. Dahlia leaned on him for support.
preposition pronoun
Preposition of position:
We use preposition of
position to indicate or show
the location of a person, a
place, or an object in relation
to another person, place, or
object in a sentence.
Examples:
above across along against behind

below beside between down from

in inside into near off

over round through under to
AT, IN, ON Used as preposition of position.
The preposition at, in and on can be used to show
position and time.
At, in and on can be used to indicate specific-to-general or general-to-specific
sequences, especially for addresses.
On
Kuala Lipis Road
In Pahang
At 520, Kuala Lipis Road
Examples:
1. The lecturer lives at 520, Batu Pahat Road, Pahang.
2. The lecturer lives on .
3. The lecturer lives in Pahang.

Preposition Use Exmples
at ~ specific street addresses

~ places

~ events and specific
locations
~Janet lives at 37,
Apartment Ria, Jalan Bunga
Raya, Miri.
~Please meet me at the post
office.
~I saw John at the wedding.
in ~ before buildings, towns,
cities, and countries.

~ 3-dimensional spaces like
cupboards and classrooms
~Vincent is studying
Engineering in Germany.

The box is in the storeroom.

on ~ before streets, roads, rivers
and floors ( 1
st
, 2
nd
floor)

~ 2-dimensional spaces like
walls, ceilings and floors.
~The clinic is on the third
floor of this building.
~I am sure IPTHO is on this
street.
~The picture was hanging
on the wall.
Remember:
Sometimes in and at can be used
interchangeably. At is often used when we
are thinking about the activity that is done in
the place while we use in when we think
about the place itself.
Examples:
2. He left for Singapore in a car.
3. She met her childhood friend on the train to Johor
Bahru.
4. We stay in a car but on a train/ship/plane.
Preposition of time:
We use preposition of time to
indicate the concept of time or
the duration of time. The
following are some examples of
preposition of time:
fromto for since until/till
during before by while after
We use the preposition in the following ways:
Preposition Use examples
until To show when an
action or a situation
ends
Note: till is used in
an informal context.
~ The boys played basketball
until six oclock.
~ Alex said he will be home until
lunchtime.
~ Nicky is on leave until Friday.
fromto To indicate the
beginning and the
ending of an action or
a situation.
~ The officer is on standby duty
from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m..
~ Ann will be at the camp from
May 15 to May 30,2007.
By To show that
something takes place
at or before a certain
time or moment.
Note: by also means
not later than.
~ You have to return my book by
4 p.m. tomorrow.
~ If you are not at home by 11
p.m., I will lock all the doors.
~ By the time you read this letter,
I shall be on plane to England.
for With time expressions
or specific periods to
show how long
something / an event
takes place.
~ The food that we
have now can last for
two days only.
~ I have not seen
Danny for the past
two weeks.
while To show that two
things are happening
at the same time and it
can be expressed in the
following way:
while + subject + verb
( usually in the
continuous form )
~ My brother was
packing his bag while
watching his
favourite programme
on the television.
~ Madam Chan was
reading the
newspaper while
waiting for her son.
since Tells us the starting
time of an event or
incident.
~ The Wong family has
lived in this village
since 1970.
~ Rizal has been away
since last week.
before Refers to an earlier time. ~ I arrived before you.
~ Laila wakes up before
6 a.m every morning.
after Means at a later time. ~ The lecturer said to
the student, Please see
me after this class.
~ David arrived at the
party after everyone
had left.
At, In, On Used as preposition of time:
The preposition at, in and on can also used to show time.
Prepositio
n
Use Examples
at ~ at + clock time / meal-time
~ at with expressions like at
present, at the moment, at the
same time, at that time, at
night.
~The meeting is at three oclock.
~ I will see you at lunch.
~ At the moment, there are two
students waiting to see the principal.
in ~ in + a month/a year/a season
~ in + a week
~ in + part of the day

~ Billy was born in April.
~ Billy was born in 1999.
~ Billy will be here in one weeks
time.
~ Billy was born in the morning.
on ~ on + day/date/a weekday
~ on + day + part of day
~ on + special day/occasion
~ Ann was born on the first of
April,1999.
~ I am going to a party on Saturday
evening.
~ Mother will serve roast turkey on
Christmas day.
Prepositions of movement into, around:
The prepositions into and around are used to show movement .
Examples:
1. The cat jumped into the box.
2. The cat ran around the stool chasing the mouse.
3. The policeman chased the robber around Kampung Baru.
4. The robber panicked and ran into an abandoned
building.
Remember:
in used to show position and into is
used to show movement.
INTERJECTIONS
LIM HUI HUAN
An interjection is a word added to
a sentence to convey emotion. It is not
grammatically related to any other part
of the sentence.

We usually follow an interjection with
an exclamation mark. Interjections are
uncommon in formal academic prose,
except in direct quotations.

examples of interjections
&
their definitions:
Ahem The sound of someone clearing their throat
and means attention or listen
Eww Ahows dislike or disgust
Oops - An exclamation people use when they
accidentally do something
Hmm This can mean you are thinking or hesitating
Yoo-hoo This is used to get someones attention and
is usually used by women
Whoa This can show surprise or amazement
Aah This is used as a call for help or when
someone is scared
Yahoo Expresses joy or happiness
Ahh, that feels wonderful.
Congrats! You finally got your Masters degree
Oh dear! I dont know what to do about this
mess.
Pip pip! Lets get moving.
Its time for me to go. Cheerio!
Shoot! I forgot my brothers birthday.
Hurray! It is a snow day and school is cancelled
Joe was late to school and yikes, the teacher was
mad
Grrr! Im going to get back at him for that.



Beginning of Sentences
Interjections can and do appear
in the beginning of sentences.

example:
Yikes, I didnt realize that there was a
test on grammar today!
Oh no, I cant believe that it is snowing
here again!
Middle or End of Sentences
They can appear in the middle,
at the end, or anyplace else
where the author wants to
interject a bit of feeling and
emotion.
example
So, its snowing again, huh?

In my opinion, my gosh, this is just
the smartest thing you have ever said
Stand-alone Sentence
An interjection can also be used by
itself as a stand-alone sentence.

example
Oh gosh! I cant believe how late it
is.

THANK
YOU !!!